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- 저자 : 강동선 ( Kang Dong-sun ) (검색결과 1 건)
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강동선 ( Kang Dong-sun ) 숭실대학교 인문과학연구소 2012 인문학연구 Vol.42 No.-
Kant calls the nature of evil “radical evil”in terms that the tendency of human evil is deep-rooted. The evil is universal and originally located in human beings and it is said to have the intelligible characteristics in that it is innate and keeps affecting human behavior. In his moral philosophy, Kant categorizes human will into freedom of choice and pure will. Freedom of choice is a will of voluntary choice by desire-oriented tendency, whereas pure will is a will of pure reason that only conforms to the principles. Unlike the divine will of god, humans always tend to be tempted; accordingly, humans live with a task of suppressing such a tendency. Therefore, if a human chooses to do an evil act with his or her freedom of choice, it signifies that he or she decides to follow bad rules based only on the tendency of sensual instincts without following the demand of moral principles or the demand of the will as pure will. In this regard, the moral judgment for humans is linked to what motives they adopt as their best rules in regard to their behavior, and it comes to a conclusion that humans are regarded good if they behave by considering such rules as moral principles. The problem is that the subjective ground defining the freedom of choice has an evil tendency. Kant believes that humans are originally good and possess free will of the good; for this reason, if humans keep suppressing ill will by reason or keep behaving by their good will, they could prevent bad actions by radical evil. That is, humans have radical evil, but they also have radical good; thus, they could overcome radical evil by radical good. However, it seems that Kant's optimism about reason is difficult to be in harmony with his logic that profoundly explores the dark shadow of radical evil. Human acts considered as moral may seem to be ostensibly noble moral acts, but they may be influenced by a sense of pride and interests in reality. It should be noted that moral acts and calculating acts are complexly intertwined rather than separated. Furthermore, Kant's vision of overcoming radical evil may not harmonize with the characteristics of social existence of human beings. The individuals who had good mind may not be easy to sustain it in their social relationships. The individuals under the rule of a despotic monarch may be forced to accept anti-moral acts as the ideology of the monarchy. In ordinary social organizations or environments, people may be exposed to immoral demand that they cannot afford only with their individual good will. To the individuals who should put their survival first, moral good will is existential life that becomes lethargic in social conditions. In contrast, Kant's vision of overcoming radical evil should be understood as a 'request' and a didactic implication that emphasizes moral duties to humans, rational entities.
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