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      • Concussion in Taekwondo: A Position Statement by the International Association for Taekwondo Research

        ( Reidar P. Lystad ),( Mohsen Kazemi ),( Jae Ok Koh ),( Jong-kook Song ) 국제태권도학회 2017 Journal of the International Association for Taekw Vol.4 No.2

        The primary aim of this position statement is to encourage Taekwondo governing bodies to develop and implement evidence-informed, best practice concussion protocols and guidelines. It is envisaged that this will: 1) improve safety and health outcomes for athletes who suffer concussive injuries while participating in Taekwondo activities; 2) assist athletes, coaches, par-ents, officials, administrators, and other relevant persons to recognize and manage concussion in Taekwondo athletes; and 3) assist Taekwondo governing bodies and clubs to align their pol-icy and procedures to the most up-to-date evidence. This position statement is predominantly based on the most recent international consensus statement on concussion in sport and its sup-porting literature reviews and documents, which were developed in conjunction with 5th Inter-national Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Berlin in October 2016.

      • Epidemiology of Taekwondo Injuries in the Olympic Games

        ( Reidar P. Lystad ),( Torbjørn Soligard ),( Lars Engebretsen ) 국제태권도학회 2017 International Symposium for Taekwondo Studies Vol.2017 No.-

        Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the injury incidence, injury pattern, and injury severity as well as to identify potential risk factors for injury among Taekwondo athletes competing in the Olympic Games. Methods: Injury data were obtained from injury surveillance at three consecutive Olympic Games (i.e., Beijing 2008, London 2012, and Rio 2016), while exposure data were obtained from publicly available tournament draw cards. Injuries were diagnosed by onsite sports medicine personnel. Competition injury incidence rates were calculated per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIRAE) and per 1000 min of exposure (IIRME) and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Subgroups were compared by calculating rate ratios (RR) with 95% CI. Training injury proportions were calculated per 100 athletes (IP) with 95% CI. Results: The overall IIRAE and IIRME were 43.0 (95% CI 30.5-58.7) and 7.2 (95% CI 5.1-9.8), respectively. The most frequently injured anatomical region was the lower limb (62%), while the most common types of injury were sprains (34%) and contusions (32%). One third (32%) of the injuries were moderate or severe (i.e., resulting in more than 1 week lost from participation in training or competition). The injury incidence rate was higher for males (IIRME 8.9 [95% CI 5.7-13.3]) than females (IIRME 5.5 [95% CI 3.1-9.0]); however, the rates were not significantly different (RRME 1.63 [95% CI 0.87-3.08]). The risk of injury was almost 4 times greater for losers compared to winners (RRME 3.88 [95% CI 1.81-8.28]). There were no significant differences in injury incidence rates between weight divisions. Overall, 13.5% of the athletes sustained a training injury during the games (IP 13.5 [95% CI 10.1-17.8]). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that there is a substantial injury problem among Taekwondo athletes competing in the Olympic Games. Because injuries may have a detrimental impact on athletic success, injury prevention should be a priority for maximizing athletic performance.

      • Concussion Injury in Olympic-style Taekwondo: A Systematic Review

        ( Reidar P. Lystad ) 국제태권도학회 2014 Journal of the International Association for Taekw Vol.1 No.2

        Sports-related concussion is recognized as a major and increasing public health issue. In response to growing concern about sports-related concussion and the potential long-term sequelae of repeated concussions, the sports medicine community has increasingly developed and updated concussion guidelines and consensus statements. The objectives of this review were to systematically review and synthesize the current best available concussion injury data in Taekwondo and to elucidate the recent sports-related concussion guidelines and discuss their implications for evidence-informed safety and injury prevention policy development in Taekwondo. The concussion incidence rate per 1,000 athlete-exposures varied considerably across the included studies (range: 0.0 to 50.2; median: 4.9). This is greater than in other contact and collision sports (e.g., American football and ice hockey), but smaller than in boxing. Young adolescent Taekwondo athletes are at a greater risk of sustaining concussion injury than both younger (children) and older (adult) athletes. There was insufficient evidence to establish any other risk factors for concussion injury in Taekwondo. Taekwondo governing bodies have an ethical obligation to develop and implement sport-specific safety policies that adhere to current concussion guidelines, and, moreover, to adequately educate on-site medical personnel, referees, coaches, athletes, and the athletes` parents or guardians. It is vital that athletes do not return to play on the day of concussive injury. It is also imperative that concussion diagnosis and fitness to play (i.e., both removal from and return to play) is a medical decision based on sound clinical judgment exercised by independent health care professionals with experience and specific training in concussion evaluation and management.

      • Psychosocial Factors and Injury Risk in Taekwondo: An Exploratory Prospective Cohort Study

        ( Reidar P. Lystad ),( Petra L. Graham ),( Roslyn G. Poulos ) 국제태권도학회 2015 Journal of the International Association for Taekw Vol.2 No.1

        The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological profile of Taekwondo athletes competing at the 2011 Australian National Championships and to explore the potential relationship between psychosocial variables and injury risk. Forty-five athletes aged 16 years and older consented to complete a pre-tournament survey comprising demographic information and a battery of questionnaires designed to quantify four separate psychosocial factors (i.e., life-changing events, competition anxiety, coping skills, and social support). Older athletes had significantly lower competition anxiety (p = 0.035) and greater satisfaction with social support (p = 0.019) relative to younger athletes. Female athletes reported significantly fewer positive life events (p = 0.039) compared to their male counterparts. These findings indicate that younger or inexperienced athletes and females may be at greater risk from psychosocial stressors. Targeted programs to address these stressors may be beneficial; however, further research is needed to elucidate the relationships between injury risk and psychosocial factors in Taekwondo athletes.

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