버나드 맬라무드의 『두빈의 생애』 연구 : A Study of Bernard Malamud's Dubin's Lives 정체성의 추구를 중심으로

尹孝允 弘益大學校 東西文化硏究所 1998 東西文化硏究 Vol.6 No.-

Abstract The quest for identity is the theme of this novel about the Jewish-American biographer who examines minutely the lives of others. Although Jewishness is not an important factor, the Jewish elements are still related to this theme. For the hero comes to learn in the end to live the life of moral responsibility that encompasses the need of others, thus confirming the author's continuing concern about humanity. Possessing a number of selves, Dubin wants to embrace American ideals. His desire for an intimacy with nature is interpreted as the desire of constructing an American identity: Thoreau is the hero's mediated desire. Hard as he tries, however, he finds it difficult to acquire the self-reliant, spontaneous identity of the nature-lover who derives spiritual truth and renewal from his communion with the organic world. The biographer, while writing the life of D. H, Lawrence, tries to embrace different ideals of modem American mainstream ideology. He comes to know Fanny Bick, the hippie-styled girl embodying Dubin's desire according to Lawrence. The hero's meeting of Lawrence and Fanny represents 1970's sensibilities that emphasize the physical and feeling side of the modem man's identity. The Lawrentian persona as the young woman's lover, however, contrasts sharply with the personality of the English novelist and reveals the gap that separates the biographer's aspiration from the concealed Jewish identity. The novel is more the anatomy of a marriage than the story of a love affair as the relationship with Fanny causes him as much pain as pleasure. From the very beginning the biographer is torn between his self-glorification and his self-abasement. The ending affirms the hero's moral responsibility after the reconciliation of the different selves in him: Dubin no longer has the egoistical need to live more fully than the subjects of his biographies and acquires the courage to make difficult moral choices - between his wife, Kitty, and his lover, Fanny. It is true that the hero's psychic evolution is ambiguous because of the inconclusive ending. Dubin seems to enjoy the tension and the irresolution that comes from his mixed involvement with history and his immediate experiences. Still his quest for identity, ambivalent as it is, makes him especially complex, enigmatic and provocative among the Malamudian heroes.

Enrofloxacin과 colistin의 복합제(Enroco)의 아급성 독성시험

윤효인,김민규,박승춘,장범수,이내경,최양웅 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 1997 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.5 No.-

The study was carried out to evaluate toxicity of enrofloxacin and colistin complex (Enroco) with a dose of 10 ㎎/㎏/day, 20 ㎎/㎏/day and 40 ㎎/㎏/day via oral administration for 3 weeks in ICR mice. All procedures of the test were performed by the established regulation of Korean National Institute of Safety Research (1994. 4. 14). Appearance, behavior, mortality and food consumption of treated groups were not affected during the experimental periods. No significant does-related changes of the combined antibacterials were found in urinalysis, eye examination, hematology, serum chemistry, and organ weight. No histopathological lesions were observed in both control and treatment groups. Our results strongly suggested that no toxic changes were found in mice treated orally with enrofloxacin-colistin complex for 3 weeks.

경주마에서 Naproxen 및 대사산물의 검출

윤효인,박승춘,이관복,김창식 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 1994 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.1 No.-

Naproxen(NPX) was administrered to a throrougbred mare in a single oral does. Plasma and urine samples were collected from 1 hour to 144 hours after administration, at varying intervals. The alkali hydrolysis was used for the seperation of glucuronide from the conjugated naproxen and its metabolite in urine. Naproxen and its metabolite desmethylnaproxen (DesNPX) were extracted at pH 4.0 with DCM/ETHETR/HEXAN(1/1/1, v/v/v) and quantitated by HPLC with diode-array-detector. The wavelength of ultraviolet was 235, 254 and 264 nm. The qulification of NPX and DesNPX was performed by gas-chromatograph-mass spectrometry using DB-1 column. Silylation (BSTFA including 1% TMCS) before the analysis of the extracted residue with GC/MSD was carried out for the detection of this drug and its metabolite. The characteristic ions (m/e) of trimethyl Silyated NPX and DesNPX were 73, 185, 302 and 73, 243, 360, respectively.

列國時代의 한반도 靺鞨

윤내현 단국대학교 한국민족학연구소 1995 한국민족학 연구 Vol.- No.3

Realism과 小說

尹孝允 新羅大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

Traditionally the novel is said to have concerned itself with the representatin of real life. And we find literary critics who see the novel as a record of the process from appearance of the would to reality- to a recognition of the actual way of the world. At any rate, the novel seems to ahve an almost fatal relationship with realism. Realism, however, is a term very ambiguous and hard to define. To understand the term as used in literature, an attempt was first made to grasp the meaning to the world, real and reality. The second part of this paper examines realism as used in philosophy. Plato's conceptual realism was compared with philosophical nominalism of the Middle Ages. It was noted how Thomas Aquinas combinde these two opposing views of reality to give a listing influence on the western thoughts. Also, the changing views of reality from the common-sense school to modern linguistic philosophy were discussed with a view to preparing for the understanding of the similar development in the usage of literary realism. The following part traces realism as a literary movement in the 19th century France. It was pointed out, however, that realism as first used in literture was not a distinctive out, however, that realism as first used in literature was not distinctive literary school but a reactionary consciousness against the prevailing tastes of the ruling class in the second empire. Its distinctive features were later supplied by naturalism which was a second generation realism. Naturalism. emphasizing scientific techniques of observation and experiment, collapsed when the optimistic dream of science gave way to skepticism toward the end of the 19th century. The term 'realism' has proved to be such a useful word for the criticism of the novel that it refuses to die with naturalism. The fourth part deals with the idealistic realism in modern literature. The modern usage of the term is explored in connection with Henry James's 'intensity' and James Joyce's internal subjectivism. However, it should be noted that the contemporary realism does not reject exterior reality, which provides the novelist with a kind of springboard. This extended usage embracing both subjectivism and objectivism one risk: depriving the term of its meaning altogether. The realists' claim that they can reproduce real life is technically as well as philosophically impossible. The relationship between reality and the novel should not involve competition; the reality in the novel should not involve competition; the reality in the novel should be acknowledged as being different from the reality in every day life. For the world that the novelist deals with in his novel is the subjunctive conditional-he deals with imaginary events and characters for the sake of leading to a realistic view of human life. It is in this sense that all writers are realists.

새로운 Reality의 追求 : John Barth and the Contemporary American Novel John Barth와 最近의 美國小說

尹孝允 新羅大學校 1977 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

In contemporary American novels we find a tendency toward absurdity, surrealism, parody and silence. Faced with exhaustion of possibilities in their story-telling, the contemporary novelists give up the task of representing realities of the world they live in. Instead they try to create a new order in their writings. Their endeavor to find a new order in their surrealistic novels, in their ultra-realistic novels of non-realistic novels of non-fiction and in their parody novels is understood as a search for a new reality. Part One and Two examines the American society as seen through the eye of contemporary novelists-how they are concerned with the idea of entropy and how they have given up representing realities which they think are continually outdoing their talents. Modern 'traditional' writers are brought into contrast by noting how successfully they were able to transform the sentiment of lost values into a value of are. In Part Three and Four, John Barth's novels, The Floating Opera and The Giles Geas-Boy, and his literary essay, "The Literature of Exhaustion", are analyzed to see how he attempts to create a new reality by employing an intellectual dead end against itself. The French New Novelists are dealt with in this context. The release from the limiting powers of environmnt is dangerous for the novelist in that his novel tends to be a mere linguistic play and he is kept from confident participation in life. However, it seems certain that the contemporary American novelist has renounced the pretense of making his novel a mirror for life and pseudo-realistic documents.

양파외피 추출물의 어류 병원성세균에 대한 항균성 검색

윤효인,배순이 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 1998 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.6 No.-

The objective of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of onion shells, which are discarded as industrial wastes, against fish pathogenic bacteria using various extractants such as water, ethanol, ethyl acetate and butanol. Water onion extracts did not show any antibacterial activity in the tested bacteria but butanol onion extracts showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli BE 1186. Ethyl acetate and ethanol onion extracts showed antibacterial activity for all the test bacteria. Ethanol, an edible stuff, was possible to use as an extractant of onion shells in industrial process to make marketed products. We further studied the effects of heat and PH on the antibacterial activity of ethanol onion extract against fish pathogenic bacteria. Heating did not change the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract. However, ethanol extract showed a decreasing antibacterial activity toward alkaline (pH 11). These results indicate that the ethanol onion extracts is suitable for use as supplementary antibacterials.

엔로플록사신 액제의 닭유래 병원세균에 대한 시험관내 항균효과 시험

윤효인,박병권,조준형,정상희,박경환,장범수,김종춘,황윤환,임종환,이내경,박승춘 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 2000 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.8 No.-

In this study the antimicrobial spectrum and sensitivity of a liquid formulation of enrofloxacin against the major six pathogenic bacteria isolated from the diseased poultry in Korea were evaluated in comparison with ciprfloxacin (CFX), gentamicin (GM) and penicillin (PC). A liquid form of enrofloxacin, a test material and ciprofloxacin showed at least 83% antibacterial activity against all of six test pathogenic microorganisms at the fixed concentration of 10 ㎍/㎖. Gentamicin and penicillin revealed much lower antibacterial activity at the same condition. We evaluated the liquid form of enrofloxacin as having widespread antibacterial spectrum against poultry infections. The liquid form of enrofloxacin showed potent antibacterial activity, with the MIC range being 0.12∼2 ㎍/㎖ against Gram positives, 0.06∼2 ㎍/㎖ against Gram negatives and 0.5∼2 ㎍/㎖ against Mycoplasma spp. These values were equivalent to or somewhat higher than those of ciprofloxacin, but much lower than those of gentamicn and penicillin. This new liquid form of enrofloxacin would find its way in application of mixing with drinking water for the prevention and treatment of diverse infections in chickens.

Sons and Lovers의 비평적 수용

윤효윤 弘益大學校 東西文化硏究所 2001 東西文化硏究 Vol.9 No.-

It is interesting that the early reviews and interpretations of Sons and Lovers fully anticipated the diverse approaches to the work according to different schools of criticism in the 20th century. most of the early reviewers, suspecting the novel to be based on the writer's actual experiences, commented on the realistic rendering of the life in a mining village around the turn of the 20th-century Britain. The psychological approach, represented in this paper by A. Kuttner and F. Kermode, seeks to interpret the relation between the hero and the female characters in terms of Oedipus Complex as explained by Freud. Kermode, however, puts more emphasis on the aspect of a distinctive cultual event to explain the psychical disorder. Technique and artistry in a work of art are very important concepts to the formalist critics. While M. Schorer takes issue with a discrepancy in the themes and point-of-view in the novel, Julian Moynahan finds the three different formal orders enrich one another. The Marxist approach concentrates on the disturbing social truths of the author's time in his novel. According to Scott Sanders, however, Lawrence was unconscious of the impact of society on the individual. G. Holderness, interpreting this novel, emphasizes on the social, rather than the individual, experience as a source of value. Feminist criticism has been severe on Lawrence. Kate Millett was frankly political: she attacked Lawrence for representing male domination as an inevitable condition, while H. Simpson tried to be more objective in giving a historical contest to the author and feminism in his time. The critics of the last section doubt about the book's claim of realist objectivity. If L. Martz is interested in the way in which Miriam emerges from a narrative told primarily from the hero's point-of-view, Diane Bonds has more interest in interpreting the subtexts revealed through contradictions and evasion. They both show the poststructuralist concern with the instability of the language as attested in the recent Lawrence criticism.

Lolita의 구조

尹孝允 弘益大學校 東西文化硏究所 1996 東西文化硏究 Vol.4 No.-

AbstractThe supreme degree of order and control in Vladimir Nabokov's writing does not allow Aoflf's to degenerate into a pornographic novel. The quality in his fiction which draws the reader's attention to its status self-consciously and systematically is explained in terms of'ostranenie'(defamiliarization) and foregrounding - the key concepts of Russian Formalism and the Prague school of linguistics.The paper attempts to examine the foregrounding effects in the novel according to the different layers of the literary work as expounded by Roman Ingarden. He distinguishes not only such linguistic strata of sounds, words and narrative units but also such non-linguistic stratum of "represented objects." Accordingly, the categories examined here include 1) the play on words which involves the author's neologisms, compound words, homonyms, puns, etc., 2) literary allusions which make use of the tension between surface and latent signification, 3) parodies intended to make the reader aware of the literariness of the fictional elements, 4) the authorial intrusion to call attention to the artifictatious nature of the text, 5) the laying bare of the novelistic devices that prevents the reader from empathizing with the fictive world, and 6) the patterning of motifs, the recurrence of which attests to the presence of the author's firm controlling hand.The final layer involves the fictional world represented by this novel. Its peculiar metaphysical quality is best examined by questioning the morality of Humbert's action. It is possible to draw both negative and positive interpretations for his actions. The ambiguity in tone and intention on the part of the author turns this novel into a diabolical humor, making the reader shift perspectives continually by undermining the bases for psychological and moral judgement. Lolita may belong to one of the early major postmodernist texts in that it is a polyphonically delightful and polymorphously perverse work playfully deconstructing everything from love to truth, and (rom knowledge to being. The supreme degree of order and control in Vladimir Nabokov's writing does not allow Lolita to degenerate into a pornographic novel. The quality in his fiction which draws the reader's attention to its status self-consciously and systematically is explained in terms of 'ostranenie' (defamiliarization) and foregrounding - the key concepts of Russian Formalism and the Prague School of linguistics. The paper attempts to examine the foregrounding effects in the novel according to the different layers of the literary work as expounded by Roman Ingarden. He distinguishes not only such linguistic strata of sounds, words and narrative units but also such non-linguistic stratum of "represented objects." Accordingly, the categories examined here include 1) the play on words which involves the author's neologisms, compound words, homonyms, puns, etc., 2) literary allusions which make use of the tension between surface and latent signification, 3) parodies intended to make the reader aware of the literariness of the fictional elements, 4) the authorial intrusion to call attention to the artifictatious nature of the text, 5) the laying bare of the novelistic devices that prevents the reader from empathizing with the fictive world, and 6) the patterning of motifs, the recurrence of which attests to the presence of the author's firm controlling hand. The final layer involves the fictional world represented by this novel. Its peculiar metaphysical quality is best examined by questioning the morality of Humbert's action. It is possible to draw both negative and positive interpretations for his actions. The ambiguity in tone and intention on the part of the author turns this novel into a diabolical humor, making the reader shift perspectives continually by undermining the bases for psychological and moral judgement. Lolita may belong to one of the early major postmodernist texts in that it is a polyphonically delightful and polymorphously perverse work playfully deconstructing everything from love to truth, and from knowledge to being.