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Munawar Tauseef,Bashir Ambreen,Batoo Khalid Mujasam,Mukhtar Faisal,Nadeem Muhammad Shahid,Hussain Sajjad,Manzoor Sumaira,Ashiq Muhammad Naeem,Khan Shoukat Alim,Koc Muammer,Iqbal Faisal 한국세라믹학회 2024 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.61 No.4
Increasing demand for hydrogen as fuel from the electrolysis of water, along with the immense use of alternative energy strategies, is vital to meet future energy demands. Herein, we report the very first time that a quaternary composite CeO 2– Y2O3–Nd2O3 modified with rGO support on nickel foam substrate demonstrated excellent catalyst behavior. Systematic structural and morphological studies are performed to understand the effects of the rare-earth-based elements on hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions in an alkaline (1.0 M KOH) electrolyzer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed the presence of multiple valence states, synergistic interaction, and electronic effects between the prepared nanocom- posite components, resulting in excellent catalytic activity. The quaternary composite has excellent OER/HER characteristics than individual oxides with low overpotential 272 mV (OER) and 303 mV (HER) to produce standard 10 mAcm−2 current density. Moreover, the quaternary composite catalyst with more active sites also displayed a larger surface area (9.03 cm 2) and double-layered capacitance (36.12 mF). The corresponding electrode is efficient and maintains its stability over 50 h toward OER/HER, which can greatly contribute to practical operation.
Transient Multipath routing protocol for low power and lossy networks
( M Ali Lodhi ),( Abdul Rehman ),( Meer M Khan ),( Muhammad Asfand-e-yar ),( Faisal Bashir Hussain ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2017 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.11 No.4
RPL routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) recommended IPv6 based protocol for routing over Low power Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL is proposed for networks with characteristics like small packet size, low bandwidth, low data rate, lossy wireless links and low power. RPL is a proactive routing protocol that creates a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) of the network topology. RPL is increasingly used for Internet of Things (IoT) which comprises of heterogeneous networks and applications. RPL proposes a single path routing strategy. The forwarding technique of RPL does not support multiple paths between source and destination. Multipath routing is an important strategy used in both sensor and ad-hoc network for performance enhancement. Multipath routing is also used to achieve multi-fold objectives including higher reliability, increase in throughput, fault tolerance, congestion mitigation and hole avoidance. In this paper, M-RPL (Multi-path extension of RPL) is proposed, which aims to provide temporary multiple paths during congestion over a single routing path. Congestion is primarily detected using buffer size and packet delivery ratio at forwarding nodes. Congestion is mitigated by creating partially disjoint multiple paths and by avoiding forwarding of packets through the congested node. Detailed simulation analysis of M-RPL against RPL in both grid and random topologies shows that M-RPL successfully mitigates congestion and it enhances overall network throughput.