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Direct and Indirect Costs of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Korea
( Changhwan Kim ),( Younhee Kim ),( Dong-Wook Yang ),( Chin Kook Rhee ),( Sung Kyoung Kim ),( Yong-Il Hwang ),( Yong Bum Park ),( Young Mok Lee ),( Seonglim Jin ),( Jinkyeong Park ),( Cho-Rom Hahm ),( 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2019 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.82 No.1
Background: Understanding the burden of disease is important to establish cost-effective treatment strategies and to allocate healthcare resources appropriately. However, little reliable information is available regarding the overall economic burden imposed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Korea. Methods: This study is a multicenter observational research on the COPD burden in Korea. Total COPD costs were comprised of three categories: direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs. For direct medical costs, institutional investigation was performed at 13 medical facilities mainly based on the claims data. For direct non-medical and indirect costs, site-based surveys were administered to the COPD patients during routine visits. Total costs were estimated using the COPD population defined in the recent report. Results: The estimated total costs were approximately 1,245 million US dollar (1,408 billion Korean won). Direct medical costs comprised approximately 20% of the total estimated costs. Of these, formal medical costs held more than 80%. As direct non-medical costs, nursing costs made up the largest percentage (39%) of the total estimated costs. Costs for COPD-related loss of productivity formed four fifths of indirect costs, and accounted for up to 33% of the total costs. Conclusion: This study shows for the first time the direct and indirect costs of COPD in Korea. The total costs were enormous, and the costs of nursing and lost productivity comprised approximately 70% of total costs. The results provide insight for an effective allocation of healthcare resources and to inform establishment of strategies to reduce national burden of COPD.
Direct and Indirect Costs of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Korea
Kim, Changhwan,Kim, Younhee,Yang, Dong-Wook,Rhee, Chin Kook,Kim, Sung Kyoung,Hwang, Yong-Il,Park, Yong Bum,Lee, Young Mok,Jin, Seonglim,Park, Jinkyeong,Hahm, Cho-Rom,Park, Chang-Han,Park, So Yeon,Jung The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2019 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.82 No.1
Background: Understanding the burden of disease is important to establish cost-effective treatment strategies and to allocate healthcare resources appropriately. However, little reliable information is available regarding the overall economic burden imposed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Korea. Methods: This study is a multicenter observational research on the COPD burden in Korea. Total COPD costs were comprised of three categories: direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs. For direct medical costs, institutional investigation was performed at 13 medical facilities mainly based on the claims data. For direct non-medical and indirect costs, site-based surveys were administered to the COPD patients during routine visits. Total costs were estimated using the COPD population defined in the recent report. Results: The estimated total costs were approximately 1,245 million US dollar (1,408 billion Korean won). Direct medical costs comprised approximately 20% of the total estimated costs. Of these, formal medical costs held more than 80%. As direct non-medical costs, nursing costs made up the largest percentage (39%) of the total estimated costs. Costs for COPD-related loss of productivity formed four fifths of indirect costs, and accounted for up to 33% of the total costs. Conclusion: This study shows for the first time the direct and indirect costs of COPD in Korea. The total costs were enormous, and the costs of nursing and lost productivity comprised approximately 70% of total costs. The results provide insight for an effective allocation of healthcare resources and to inform establishment of strategies to reduce national burden of COPD.
Fermi-Level Unpinning Technique with Excellent Thermal Stability for n-Type Germanium
Kim, Gwang-Sik,Kim, Seung-Hwan,Lee, Tae In,Cho, Byung Jin,Choi, Changhwan,Shin, Changhwan,Shim, Joon Hyung,Kim, Jiyoung,Yu, Hyun-Yong American Chemical Society 2017 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.9 No.41
<P>A metal interlayer semiconductor (M I S) structure with excellent thermal stability and electrical performance for a nonalloyed contact scheme is developed, and considerations for designing thermally stable M I S structure are demonstrated on the basis of n-type germanium (Ge). A thermal annealing process makes M-I-S structures lose their Fermi-level unpinning and electron Schottky barrier height reduction effect in two mechanisms: (1) oxygen (O) diffusion from the interlayer to the contact metal due to high reactivity of a pure metal contact with O and (2) interdiffusion between the contact metal and semiconductor through grain boundaries of the interlayer. A pure metal contact such as titanium (Ti) provides very poor thermal stability due to its high reactivity with O. A structure with a tantalum nitride (TaN) metal contact and a titanium dioxide (TiO2) interlayer exhibits moderate thermal stability up to 400 degrees C because TaN has much lower reactivity with O than with Ti. However, the TiO2 interlayer cannot prevent the interdiffusion process because it is easily crystallized during thermal annealing and its grain boundaries act as diffusion path. A zinc oxide (ZnO) interlayer doped with group-III elements, such as an aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) interlayer, acts as a good diffusion barrier due to its high crystallization temperature. A TaN/AZO/n-Ge structure provides excellent thermal stability above 500 degrees C as it can prevent both O diffusion and interdiffusion processes; hence, it exhibits Ohmic contact properties for all thermal annealing temperatures. This work shows that, to fabricate a thermally stable and low resistive M-I-S contact structure, the metal contact should have low reactivity with O and a low work function, and the interlayer should have a high crystallization temperature and a low conduction band offset to Ge. Furthermore, new insights are provided for designing thermally stable M I S contact schemes for any semiconductor material that suffers from the Fermi-level pinning problem.</P>
엔터테인먼트 환경을 위한 손 움직임 기반의 PC 입력 장치 개발
김창환(Changhwan Kim),김혜림(Hyerim Kim),정인재(Injae Jung),김수지(Suji Kim),권미연(Miyeon Kwon) 대한전자공학회 2023 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2023 No.6
In the digital era, the entertainment market is continuously evolving; however, the limitations of conventional input devices have led to a decrease in user immersion. This paper proposes a novel input device that controls PCs based on user hand movements to address this issue. Utilizing Arduino for device implementation and C++-based WinForms for UI composition, the prototype is produced to verify the devices functionality, and the hardware is output through 3D modeling. This approach aims to overcome the drawbacks of traditional input devices and provide an optimal entertainment experience. Additionally, the device is anticipated to have various applications, such as presentation controllers and input devices for individuals with disabilities.
Seung-Hwan Kim,Gwang-Sik Kim,Sun-Woo Kim,Jeong-Kyu Kim,Changhwan Choi,Jin-Hong Park,Rino Choi,Hyun-Yong Yu IEEE 2016 IEEE electron device letters Vol.37 No.4
<P>We demonstrate the effect of SF6 plasma passivation with a ZnO interlayer in a metal-interlayer-semiconductor (MIS) structure to reduce source/drain (S/D) contact resistance. The interface trap states and the metal-induced gap states causing the Fermi-level pinning problem are effectively alleviated by passivating the GaAs surface with SF6 plasma treatment and inserting a thin ZnO interlayer, respectively. Specific contact resistivity exhibits similar to 10(4) x reduction when the GaAs surface is treated with SF6 plasma, followed by ZnO interlayer deposition, compared with the Ti/n-GaAs (similar to 2x10(18) cm(-3)) S/D contact. This result proposes the promising non-alloyed S/D ohmic contact for III-V semiconductor-based transistors.</P>
Seung-Hwan Kim,Gwang-Sik Kim,Jeong-Kyu Kim,Jin-Hong Park,Changhwan Shin,Changhwan Choi,Hyun-Yong Yu IEEE 2015 IEEE electron device letters Vol.36 No.9
<P>We demonstrate the use of germanium passivation in conjunction with a ZnO interlayer in a metal-interlayer-semiconductor structure in a source/drain (S/D) contact. The Fermi-level pinning problem resulting in the large contact resistances in S/D contacts is effectively alleviated by inserting a thin Ge passivation layer and a ZnO interlayer, passivating the GaAs surface and reducing the metal-induced gap states on the GaAs surface, respectively. The specific contact resistivity for the Ti/ZnO/Ge/n-GaAs (similar to 2 x 10(18) cm(-3)) structure exhibits a similar to 1660x reduction compared with that of a Ti/n-GaAs structure. These results suggest that the proposed structure shows promise as a nonalloyed ohmic contact in high-electron-mobility transistors.</P>
금속관 내부의 음압유량 향상을 위한 기하학적 디자인 및 SLIPS 윤활
김동근(Dong Geun Kim),장창환(Changhwan Jang),김성재(Seong Jae Kim),김대겸(Daegyoum Kim),김산하(Sanha Kim) 한국트라이볼로지학회 2021 한국트라이볼로지학회지 (Tribol. Lubr.) Vol.37 No.6
Metal pipes are used in a wide range of applications, from plumbing systems of large construction sites to small devices such as medical tools. When a liquid is enforced to flow through a metal pipe, a higher flow rate is beneficial for higher efficiency. Using high pressures can enhance the flow rate yet can be harmful for medical applications. Thus, we consider an optimal geometrical design to increase the flow rate in medical devices. In this study, we focus on cannulas, which are widely used small metal pipes for surgical procedures, such as liposuction. We characterize the internal flow rate driven by a negative pressure and explore its dependence on the key design parameters. We quantitatively analyze the suction characteristics for each design variable by conducting computational fluid dynamics simulations. In addition, we build a suction performance measurement system which enables the translational motion of cannulas with pre-programmed velocity for experimental validation. The inner diameter, section geometry, and hole configuration are the design factors to be evaluated. The effect of the inner diameter dominates over that of section geometry and hole configuration. In addition, the circular tube shape provides the maximum flow rate among the elliptical geometries. Once the flow rate exceeds a critical value, the rate becomes independent of the number and width of the suction holes. Finally, we introduce a slippery liquid-infused nanoporous surface (SLIPS) coating using nanoparticles and hydrophobic lubricants that effectively improves the flow rate and antifouling property of cannulas without altering the geometrical design parameter.