주제 : 새 천년과 복음주의 신학의 과제 : 논평 : " 21 세기 복음주의 선교신학과 전략 " 에 대한 논평

장훈태 한국복음주의신학회 2000 성경과신학 Vol.28 No.-

아프리카 경제와 사회·문화적 현상 고찰

장훈태 아세아연합신학대학교 ACTS 신학연구소 2019 ACTS 신학저널 Vol.42 No.-

This paper is intended to study African economy and social and cultural phenomena from the point of view that Africa should be looked with deep insight and attention. When people look at Africa, they just think of the land that was colonized, slavery and racism, heavy ethnic strife, a serious income gap between blacks and whites, and places where many people died because of AIDS and Ebola. In addition, it is also recognized as such places where public security is unstable due to the extreme gap between the rich and poor, rapid liberalization by the movement of people and goods, rampant organized crime, and corruption among government officials. Furthermore, the frequent droughts and floods, conflicts and sporadic violence, drugs, and rising rates of friction between communities and ethnic and religious groups makes the reality further dark in Africa. However, Africa is not just a land of tragedy. This paper seeks to find answer to “Will the African Renaissance Come?” by studying the process of shifting from selfishness to individualism in African economic sector, changes of African manufacturing, Africa as the biggest victim of the trade war between USA and China, and Africa as China’s economic territory. It also considers how African economic, social and cultural issues can be solved by studying the social and cultural phenomena of the African continent, such as individualism, ethnic conflict, education, health care, and human rights issues. From now on, we need to move away from the deeply rooted racist view as well as to see Africa with a positive and objective view from an African centric perspective. We also must be prepared based on the factual fidelity of looking at Africa in order to achieve results through the changes and the development of economy, society and culture of Africa. In addition, we should try trough information gathering and visits to know organization, opportunities, and potentiality of the African market. Finally, we should understand and approach Africa with various perspectives, such as political, economic, historical, medical, religious and ethnic anthropological aspects. 이 논고는 아프리카를 볼 때 깊은 통찰력과 관심을 갖고 바라보아야 한다는 관점에서 아프리카의 경제와 사회문화 현상을 고찰한 것이다. 아프리카는 기회의 땅이고, 숨겨진 보화와 같은 땅이다. 하지만 세계인들은 아프리카를 바라볼 때 식민지 지배를 받았던 땅, 노예와 인종차별, 종족 간의 분쟁이 심한 곳, 흑백 간 소득의 격차가 심한 땅, 에이즈와 에볼라로 많은 사람들이 목숨을 잃는 곳으로만 생각한다. 또한 극심한 빈부 격차, 사람과 재화의 이동에 의한 급격한 자유화, 활개치는 조직범죄, 공무원들의 부패 등이 엉켜 있어 치안이 불안한 곳으로 바라본다. 여기에 아프리카에서 자주 발생하는 가뭄과 홍수, 분쟁과 산발적인 폭력, 마약, 그리고 공동체와 종족·종교적 집단 사이의 마찰 발생률 증가는 아프리카의 어두운 현실이다. 그러나 아프리카는 비극의 땅인 것만은 아니다. 이 논고에서는 아프리카의 경제 부분에서 자기중심에서 개인주의로 전환되어가는 과정과 아프리카의 제조업의 변화, 미·중 무역전쟁의 최대 피해자로서의 아프리카, 중국의 경제영토로서의 아프리카를 고찰함으로써 ‘아프리카 르네상스(African Renaissance)는 도래할 것인가’에 대한 답을 찾고자 한다. 그리고 개인주의, 종족 간의 갈등, 교육, 의료, 인권문제 등 아프리카 대륙의 사회문화 현상에대해 살펴봄으로써, ‘아프리카의 경제, 사회와 문화의 문제는 어떻게 해야 해결점을 찾을 수 있는가’에 대해 고찰하고자 한다. 앞으로 아프리카를 보려면 뿌리 깊은 인종차별주의적 시각에서 벗어나아프리카 중심의 입장에서 긍정적·객관적 시각을 가지고 아프리카를 바라보아야 한다. 그리고 아프리카의 경제와 사회문화의 변화발전을 통해 성과를 얻기 위해서는 아프리카를 바라보는 사실 충실성에 기초하여 준비하는자가 되어야 할 것이다. 아프리카 시장이 어떻게 구성되어 있고, 어떤 기회를 제공할 것인지, 그 잠재력을 확인하기 위해서는 정보 수집과 방문을 통한노력이 반드시 필요하다. 이 때 아프리카를 바라보는 관점의 다양화, 즉 정치적·경제적·역사적·의학적·종교적·종족인류학적 측면 등 다양한 시각에서 이해하고 접근하려는 노력이 필요하다.

상황화 이론에 기초한 이슬람 지역 교회개척전략

장훈태 천안대학교 2006 진리논단 Vol.- No.14

기후환경변화와 아프리카의 미래

장훈태 한국아프리카학회 2022 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.65 No.-

Recently the world is focusing on the issue of ‘climate change’. In particular the problems of COVID-19, climate change, resource depletion and global inequality have become very serious. There is an urgent need for a transformative response from the international community in this regard. In recent years the world has gone through a climate crisis from climate change, and now the intensity and awareness of the crisis are increasing enough to use the word ‘Climate Disaster’ without hesitation. Meanwhile global temperature rise, drought, large-scale floods, earthquakes, soil degradation and desertification are all factors that increase violence and conflict. Disruptions caused by such changes in the climate environment have now become commonplace, and population growth is already exceeding the limit of water use and putting a burden on food supply. In addition there is a threat to survival due to the risk of random terrorism and they are facing a catastrophic level of crisis due to migration to obtain food. However the world is not responding sufficiently to the climate change which is the worst crisis. Although problems due to climate change are already appearing in many regions of the African continent, they are in a difficult situation to solve due to problems related to politics. It will be meaningful to find out whether it is possible to overcome such climate change through analysis of the relationship between human history and civilization. Therefore, in this thesis, I will consider climate change, human society and global warming and climate change in Africa. It is intended to examine whether global warming can be overcome by human will rather than discussing climate change in general. It is difficult to respond because various risk factors such as infectious diseases, climate change, rapid automation, financial collapse, rising real estate prices and geopolitical tensions are rapidly appearing in the world. However it is important for us to cooperate closely and enhance management and cooperation with nature to respond to changes in the climate environment. Only the government's exclusion of individualism including nationalism, human greed, restoration of the creative order, and social sanctification can cause changes in the Earth's climate environment. 세계는 “기후변화”에 대한 이슈에 집중하고 있다. 특히 코로나 19, 기후변화, 자원고갈, 전 세계적인 불평등의 문제가 매우 심각한 상황이 되어, 이에 대한 국제사회의 전환적인 대처가 시급해졌다. 지금 전 세계는 기후변화에서 기후 위기를 거쳐 이제는 기후 재앙이라는 단어를 서슴없이 사용할 만큼 위기의 강도와 문제의식이 높아지고 있다. 한편 세계에서 일어나는 기온 상승과 가뭄, 대규모 홍수, 지진의 발생, 토양 퇴화, 사막화는 모두 폭력과 분쟁을 배가시키는 요인이다. 기후환경 변화로 인한 이변은 이제 일상이 되었고, 인구증가는 이미 물 사용의 한계를 넘고 있을 뿐 아니라 식량공급에 부담을 지우고 있다. 또한 무작위로 발생하는 테러의 위험으로 인한 생존과 식량을 얻기 위한 이주 등으로 대재앙 수준의 위기를 맞고 있다. 그러나 인류는 최악의 위기인 기후환경 변화에 충분히 대응하지 못하고 있는 상황에 처해 있다. 특히 아프리카 대륙의 많은 지역에서 기후환경 변화로 인한 다양한 문제들이 나타나고 있음에도 불구하고, 정치와 관련된 문제로 인해 해결이 어려운 상황에 처해있다. 이러한 기후변화와 인류역사, 문명의 관계 분석을 통해 극복이 가능할 것인가를 찾아보는 것은 의미가 있을 것이다. 따라서 본고에서는 기후변화에 대한 전반적인 논의를 하기 보다는 기후변화와 인간 사회, 아프리카의 지구 온난화 현상과 기후변화 곧 온난화는 인간의 의지로 극복 가능한가를 고찰하는 데 있다. 지구는 감염병, 기후변화, 급속한 자동화, 금융의 몰락, 부동산 가격 급등, 지정학적 긴장 등 다양한 위험 요인들이 빠르게 나타나고 있기 때문에 대응하는 것은 어려운 일이다. 하지만 기후환경 변화에 대한 대응을 위해 공동의 시련을 극복하기 위한 긴밀한 공조와 자연에 대한 관리와 공조를 높이는 일, 정부들의 국가우선주의를 비롯한 개인주의 배제, 인간의 탐심, 창조질서의 회복, 사회적 성화만이 지구의 기후환경 변화를 일으킬 수 있다.

튀니지 시민혁명 10주년 이후 국민들의 의식변화에 대한 고찰

장훈태 부산외국어대학교 아프리카연구센터 2021 아프리카학 연구 Vol.1 No.1

In December 2010, the democratization wind of Tunisia which was triggered by burning himself of a young man Muhammad Bouazizi, led the citizens of Tunisia to a successful Jasmine Revolution which resulted in the resignation of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The democratization movement in Tunisia began with high unemployment, poverty, despotism, authoritarianism and dictatorship. After the democratization movement in Tunisia, the nation and the people began to change. At the end of 2010, the wave of civil revolution that began in Tunisia gave courage to those who were oppressed by fear. At the same time it rapidly spread to the Middle East and North Africa and media and citizens from all over the world cheered for them. Their anti-government revolution spread to a wide range of civil movements through the continuation of the strike participation movement, demonstrations, marches and large-scale gatherings as well as organizations and communication through social media and awareness-raising, leading to the resignation of long-term dictatorships and regime change. It came to be called a revolution. Tunisia young people longed for freedom from political and economic poverty, oppression and inequality. Young people deprived of freedom and certain peoples wished for a change in society, and were excited by the anticipation that something would change. However 10 years after the democratization revolution took place in Tunisia, it is difficult to find democracy in Tunisia just as it is hard to find democracy in most countries. Even today Tunisia is facing a very severe economic crisis and the gap between the rich and the poor. In a situation where people’s relative poverty, continued young people unemployment, political unrest and authoritarianism are prevailing. People are voicing that the politics and economy have deteriorated. On the 10th anniversary of the democratization revolution, the task remains whether authoritarianism will be further strengthened in North Africa and other Middle Eastern countries or will the second spring of Tunisia begin? In this situation it is of great significance to study the 10th anniversary of the Tunisian democratization revolution and the Tunisian society in North Africa. This thesis pursues to explore the democratization revolution in Tunisia and the Arab region, the starting point of the revolution and the phenomenon and future of Tunisia after the democratization revolution. Today, Tunisia is not only in international difficulties but also the conflict between tribes within Tunisia, between religious and non-religious forces, between religions and incongruity between settlers and migrants, relative deprivation, patriarchal tribalism and the doctrine of any one religion. These things are seriously intertwined. If a national consensus is reached to overcome this, Tunisia can become a democratic nation that is far more free than predicted and the citizens of Tunisia can enjoy a human life. Currently the world is struggling with COVID-19 but the positive impact of the democratic development of Tunisia’s democratization revolution will brighten the future of Tunisia. [Key words: Tunisian democratization revolution, democracy, consciousness change, economy and poverty, quality of life, party politics]

필리핀의 이해와 선교

장훈태 천안대학교 1997 진리논단 Vol.- No.1

학교법인 백석대학교 설립자 장종현 박사의 학원 선교에 대한 고찰

장훈태 천안대학교 - 기념논문집 Vol.30 No.1

마그레브 지역교회 신앙양육과 성장을 위한 모색

장훈태 장로회신학대학교 세계선교연구원 2024 선교와 신학 Vol.62 No.-

선교사는 누구보다 빠르게 교회를 개척하고 성도들을 양육하여 교회를 성장시키는 것을 소망한다. 코로나19 이후와 챗GPT라는 새로운 시스템이 출현하면서 혼란을 겪고 있다. 교회는 현재 상황에 대처하기 위한 프로그램 개발과 함께 스위칭을 위한 도전을 하고 있지만 아직까지 뚜렷한성과는 나타나지 않고 있다. 본고에서는 자신의 삶을 변혁시키거나 사역의 스위칭을 통해 한 영혼의 신앙을 세우고 성장을 돕는 방안이 무엇인지, 특히 마그레브에서 실행해야 할 방안이 무엇인지를 모색하고자 한다. 특히 마그레브라고 하는 곳은 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 이슬람문화가 형성되고 토착화된 곳으로, 이 특수한환경은 사역의 스위칭이 절실히 필요한 지역이라 할 수 있다. 마그레브에서 이뤄지는 선교사역의 스위칭은, 사역을 위해 투자한 만큼 큰 열매로 돌아온다는 사실을 알려줄 것이다. Missionaries hope to grow churches faster than anything else by planting churches and nurturing members, but they are currently experiencing confusion due to the emergence of COVID-19 and a new system called Chat GPT. The church is taking on the challenge of ‘switching’ with the development of programs to cope with the current situation, but the results have not yet been effectively shown. In this thesis, we try to find out what is the plan to help one soul establish faith and grow through transforming one's life or ‘switching’ of ministry, especially what we need to do in the Maghreb. In particular the region called the Maghreb is a place where the Islamic culture that has been formed over a long period of time has been indigenous, and this special environment can be said to be an area that desperately needs ‘switching’ of ministry. The ‘switching’ of the missionary work in the Maghreb will give us that the efforts made for the ministry will return with great fruits.

선교사 복지와 효과적인 선교사역 정책

장훈태 한국선교신학회 2006 선교신학 Vol.13 No.-

Today is the era of welfare. The desire of social welfare has increased rapidly because of the increase of the average life-span and the rate of the aged people over 65 years old among total population. With this social trend, the necessity of welfare for missionaries for effective missionary work has increased. We can find the biblical foundation for missionary welfare where the Bible mentioned reliefs and welfare in the community of faith. A missionary is a member of the community. Even if a missionary is a servant and instrument of God, he/she is a human being. A missionary has family members. He/she can also get a cultural shock and reverse cultural shock, and an unexpected accident. He/she is aging and shall be retired. He/she, therefore, also needs welfare care for his/her physical, mental, and spiritual health in the community, which can increase the effectiveness in their missional works. There are several dimensions of member cares: 1) Care for physical health, 2) Care for emotional and mental health, 3) Care for retired missionaries. In terms of care for physical health of a missionary, Korean missionary societies are further behind than the International Missionary Societies (ig. SIM, OM, OMF, WEC). They have prepared medical and insurance supporting systems very well. In this respect, Korean church needs to establish this kind of missionary infra. For emotional and mental state, a missionary needs sabbatical year for healing, refreshing and maintaining his/her healthy mental state for effective missional work. For the retired missionaries, a supporting system for housing, foods supply and medical service should be provided. His/her various experiences need to be utilized for developing a strategy and policy for a effective missional work of the future generations. Accordingly, we must prepare a system and policy for missionary member care in order to enhance effective missional works within this welfare and aging times. For this, this study has addressed several dimensions of policy and methodology: For a effective missionary member care, fulfillment of desire for self-realization of missionary, establishment of an appropriate organization and a policy for member care with an effective management for care for crisis/accidental incident, a practical strategy at the denominational level, cooperation for win-win strategy among denominations, sending church and missionary societies should be considered. Missional business strategy and brand standardization for ‘missional marketing‘ have been pointed. First, fulfillment of desire for self-realization. According to A. H. Maslow, the desire of self-realization is the highest desire. A missionary also has this desire. Korean church is lacking of this system for fulfilling the desire of self-realization, especially after a missionary retires. Second, organization and policy for caring member. a Community needs an effective organization for achieving its objective. So is a missionary society. Mission can be effective when members in the community can be managed effectively. Third care for crisis/accidental event. A missionary can also meet crisis/accidental event. Only effective management and care can increase the effectiveness of mission. Four, practice for missionary member care. Missionaries are spiritual soldiers. So they need care and management system and practical strategy at the denominational level. Denomination, sending church and society must cooperate one another for win-win strategy. They need missional business strategy like a business company. Through brand standardization, they must try to increase the value of brand. I wish to call it ‘missional marketing’.

몽골의 라마 불교와 기독교 선교전략

장훈태 천안대학교 1999 진리논단 Vol.- No.3