Thermal State of the Arkoma Basin and the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma

이영민 University of Oklahoma 1999 해외박사

Subsurface temperature and thermal gradients, along a north-south cross section through the Arkoma Basin and the Oklahoma Platform in southeastern Oklahoma were estimated from 345 bottom hole temperatures from 199 oil and gas wells. The average geothermal gradient in the southern part of the basin near the Ouachita Front is 20 ℃/km, exceeds 30℃/km in the middle part of the basin, and is 24 ℃/km on the Oklahoma Platform to the north. Drill cuttings obtained from 11 oil and gas wells were used for 843 thermal conductivity measurements. Thermal conductivity data, corrected to in situ conditions, were used to estimate heat flow. Estimated heat flow (±20%) in the deep part of the Arkoma Basin near the Ouachita Front is 35-40 mW/m2 and increases systematically northward to 60-65 mW/㎡ on the Oklahoma Platform. Average heat production, estimated from gamma ray logs, is 2.3±0.2㎼/㎥ for basement rocks underlying the Arkoma Basin and 2.8±0.1 ㎼/㎥ for basement rocks in the Oklahoma Platform area. Numerical models show that heat refraction from the less conductive sedimentary rocks (∼1.6 W/m-K) of the Arkoma Basin to the more conductive crystalline rocks (∼3.0 W/m-K at 25℃) of the Oklahoma Platform and the Ouachita Mountains accounts for about 5-10 mW/㎡ of the observed 20-30 mW/㎡ decrease in heat flow from north to south. Changes in crystal heat production related to compositional changes and crystal thinning account for another 5-15 mW/㎡ of the observed heat flow change. If the remaining 0-20 mW/㎡ difference in heat flow is attributed to heat transport by topographically driven groundwater flow, the average basin-scale permeability of the Arkoma Basin and the Oklahoma Platform can be no greater than 10^(-15) ㎡. Results of this study are not generally supportive of theories which invoke topographically driven regional groundwater flow from the Arkoma Basin in Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian time (~290 Ma) to explain the genesis of Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits, paleothermal anomalies, and regional diagnoses in the North American mid-continent.

Genesis, distribution, and classification of sodic soils in Oklahoma

Jigoulina, Elena Igorevna Oklahoma State University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

<italic>Scope and method of study</italic>. Aspects of sodic soil spatial distribution, classification, and genesis are studied. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the effect of the climate and other factors on the distribution and properties of sodic soils in Oklahoma, (2) to expand sodic soil classification by using soil properties that reflect soil moisture conditions, (3) to analyze selected major types of sodic and leached sodic (Solods) soils to reveal the formation pathways. Fourteen sodic soil series from 19 Oklahoma counties were sampled in 1997. Horizon delineation and in-situ soil descriptions were made using standard techniques. Characterization of each profile was performed by conventional methods. Data on dispersion characteristics for each horizon were obtained from Oklahoma Department of Transportation Testing Laboratory. Classification of soils under study was conducted using Soil Taxonomy. Maps visualizing soil spatial distribution were generated in ArcView/GIS computer software. <italic>Findings and conclusions</italic>. There is a gradual change in sodic soils properties along the Precipitation-Evaporation (P-E) Index and soil moisture regime gradients. Depth and value of salinity (EC), depth to carbonates, depth and values of maximum relative sodium content and SAR, and pH increased with decreasing P-E index. Variability of sodic soils on a local scale was affected by position on the landscape, which influences presence of water table close to the surface. Parent material affected soil occurrence, as well as soil color, texture, chemical composition of soil water solution, and clay mineralogy. The presence of a ground water with relatively large sodium content determines the occurrence of sodic soils in the area. Suggested classification for sodic soils in Oklahoma takes into account soil salinity, which differs significantly between soils with different moisture regimes and landscape positions and is recognized on a subgroup level. Three types of sodic soils, which differ in the amount of salts, SAR values, acidity and pH, are formed under the humid conditions of southeast Oklahoma. The first type, Natrudalfs, has SAR up to 30 and moderate to high salinity (EC > 2) and occur in the lowest position on a landscape. The second type, sodic Hapludalfs, is located on an intermediate landscape position, and has lower salinity and sodium content compared to Natrudalfs. The third type, solodic Hapludalfs, is the leached sodic soils of terraces and uplands.

Soil carbon, nitrogen, and physical properties in cropping systems of Oklahoma

Abreu, Silvano Luiz de Oklahoma State University 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Soils across the State of Oklahoma where areas of conventional and long term no-till are under similar climate conditions and soil properties (same soil series) were sampled in 4 points of a transect across the field at 110 cm depth and divided in 5 different depths (0--10; 10--20; 20--40; 40--70; and 70--110 cm). Samples were air dried and sieved at 2mm mesh. Sixteen farm fields (eight no-till and eight conventional till) were sampled in the principal agricultural areas of Oklahoma. Also, two tillage experiments that have no-till and conventional till treatments combined with different crop rotations where sampled and compared as well. Organic C and total N were analyzed. Besides, bulk density was determined at each depth and sampling point in order to account for the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen storage in the soil profile. Results were analyzed by LSD comparing tillage system. Organic carbon and total nitrogen was analyzed by LECO analyzer and carbonates were analyzed so the amount of organic carbon can be calculated. Another chapter of the study analyzed the use of cover different cover crops; including forage radish, sunn hemp, pigeon pea, cowpea, and Austrian winter pea in cash crop rotations that included soybean, corn, and wheat. Grain yield, biomass, and soil physical properties were analyzed in two locations in Central Oklahoma. For most Oklahoma studied areas, no-till soils had higher organic carbon and total nitrogen stock in the soil profile than conventional till. Top soils no-till have also more carbon stock in no-till compared to conventional till soils. The increasing of crop intensity and diversity did not affect grain yield in the cash crops, but increased biomass production. After two years of rotations no effect of crop rotation or crop intensity was observed in soil physical properties.

Studies on the genesis of selected soils of Oklahoma

Ward, Phillip Amos, III Oklahoma State University 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

<italic>Scope and method of study</italic>. Chapter 1 is a discussion of amounts of dispersion and soil properties associated with dispersion in some soil horizons affected by dispersion from soils of Oklahoma. Chapter 2 is a summary of the effects of addition of amending materials on soil properties associated with dispersion in some of the soil horizons discussed in Chapter 1. Materials tested for amending potential included gypsum, hydrated lime, cement kiln dust, fly ash, humate, calcium chloride, and sulfuric acid. Chapter 3 is an evaluation of the temporal effects of rainfall on the temperature and chemistry of water in a shallow, unconfined aquifer in sediments along Boomer Creek in the Stillwater, Oklahoma vicinity. <italic>Findings and conclusions</italic>. Amount of dispersion measured in soil horizons ranged from 0 to 96 percent. Soil horizons with greater than 65 percent dispersion have greater bulk density, pH, sodium adsorption ratio, and ratio of sodium ions to sum of sodium and calcium ions in soil water, and less clay and organic matter than less-dispersed horizons. Critical sodium adsorption ratios are 8.0 and 4.5 for moderately saline (electrical conductivity between 1.0 and 9.0 decisiemens per meter) and slightly saline (electrical conductivity less than 1.0 decisiemen per meter), respectively. Gypsum proved most effective for improving properties of soil horizons associated with dispersion. Few treatments lowered sodium adsorption ratios of tested horizons below critical values. Treatments were less effective on soil horizons with more clay and greater sodium adsorption ratios and electrical conductivities. Rainfall affected chemistry of water in the Boomer Creek aquifer for a longer time than temperatures in the aquifer. Antecedent moisture in the sediments and amount of rainfall influenced the impact of the rainfalls on the aquifer.

Impacts of Culverts and Dams on Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in Oklahoma Wadable Streams

Reed, Melissa Oklahoma State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Anthropogenic activities alter flowing water in many ways resulting in streams being among the most modified ecosystems worldwide. Humans cause the greatest effects to aquatic ecosystems by creating artificial structures to impede natural stream flow. The purpose of this research was to examine the impact artificial structures such as dams and culverts have on aquatic invertebrates and to test the effectiveness of homemade artificial substrate sampling devices. Dams alter discharge, temperature regimes, and disconnect upstream and downstream reaches causing changes in biological communities. Existing literature demonstrates that dams impact aquatic biota, including macroinvertebrates, but less is known about how far these impacts persist downstream of dams and whether the impact of multiple dams is cumulative. In addition, the release of hypolimnetic water from reservoirs alters downstream water quality, especially water temperatures and flow regimes, which often disrupts the natural stream community. Our first objective was to assess the effects of hypolimnetic releases and multiple dams on macroinvertebrates in a 19-km reach of the lower Mountain Fork River, a cold tailwater river, fragmented by three dams in southeastern Oklahoma. Culverts impact streams by narrowing the stream channel, preventing the movement of substrate and large woody debris, and causing erosion near the road crossing leading to subsequent sedimentation further downstream. Existing literature shows that culverts pose a threat to habitat connectivity and limit fish movement in lower order streams, but less is known about the impacts of culverts on aquatic macroinvertebrates. Therefore, our second objective was to investigate the effects of road culverts on the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in two stream systems (Tallgrass prairie and Ozark Highlands) in eastern and northeastern Oklahoma. Finally, collecting aquatic invertebrates is an important part of monitoring ecosystem health in aquatic habitats. Artificial substrate sampling devices are constructed to attract aquatic organisms that attach to hard surfaces to hide from predators and are an established sampling method for aquatic invertebrates. Hester-Dendy devices are widely used in standard water quality monitoring programs and research; however, the devices are expensive ($22-38 each). Our third objective was to test homemade artificial substrate devices created from empty 500-milliliter plastic soda bottles.

Optical and human assessment of winter wheat cultivars for competitiveness against jointed goatgrass, and characterizing Oklahoma jointed goatgrass-winter wheat hybrids

Stone, Amanda Elizabeth Oklahoma State University 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

<italic>Scope and method of study</italic>. Characteristics other than mature height contribute to competitive ability of wheat, but the literature has not identified any other useful traits. Twenty-four winter wheat cultivars were seeded with and without jointed goatgrass (<italic>Aegilops cylindrica </italic> Host.) in five environments, 1999–2001. Wheat stand density, forage yield, height at Zadocks 32, 37, and 91, spike density, and yield were measured. Additionally, mature height, spike density, spikelet production, and spikelet density of jointed goatgrass were measured. An Oklahoma State University sensor was used to record incident and reflected wavelengths from the canopy of the 24 winter wheat cultivars grown with and without jointed goatgrass, 1999–2001. Normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) was calculated. The introduction of imazamox tolerant winter wheat has increased interest in jointed goatgrass-winter wheat hybrids [<italic>Aegilotriticum sanctiandreae</italic> (Degen) Soó]. However, little is known about such hybrids in Oklahoma. Hybrid plants were collected from central Oklahoma, 2000 to 2002, for characterization and germination. <italic>Findings and conclusions</italic>. Yields of the 24 wheat cultivars, at four environments were not affected by jointed goatgrass competition. Cultivars varied substantially in their ability to suppress jointed goatgrass spikelet production. Wheat stand density varied greatly and appeared to be related to competitive ability. Wheat forage production, height at Zadocks 32 and 91, and spike density were minor factors in suppressing jointed goatgrass spikelet production. Wheat height at Zadocks 37 was inversely related and wheat yield was variably related to jointed goatgrass spikelet production. NDVI was useful in estimating spike density, spikelet production, and spikelet density of jointed goatgrass, as well as estimating stand density and forage yield of the wheat cultivars grown without jointed goatgrass. NDVI was variable in estimating wheat height at Zadocks 32, 37, and 91, wheat spike density, and wheat yield. When the published morphological characteristics of the 24 wheat cultivars were considered, estimations improved. When certain stress factors such as plant diseases and late season drought were absent, correlations approached 0.9. Hybrid plants varied in mature height and spike length. Hybrid spike color was darker than mature wheat spike color and mature hybrid spikes disarticulated intact, unlike jointed goatgrass. Wheat cultivars varied in hybrid production ability.

Evaluating the response of teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to yield limiting factors in Oklahoma

Ali, Muaid Shaker Oklahoma State University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

Scope and Method: Weather conditions such as temperature and precipitation are the most important crop growth limiting factors in Oklahoma. Less precipitation is available for crop growth during the summer months due to high evapotranspiration attributed to high temperature. In some years, the winter is dry affecting performance of winter crops. Soil applied phosphate fertilizers use efficiency in winter wheat is low because of soil and weather related factors. Therefore, control and field experiments were established to determine teff growth and yield. The growth chamber teff study comprised three temperature regimes, four levels of soil moisture, three times of watering intervals, and two photoperiods. Treatments for the field study included four levels of irrigation and two watering intervals. Foliar phosphorus improves P use efficiency of crops. However, no effective foliar products are available on the market. The objective of the phosphite study was to evaluate Nutri-phite, a foliar phosphorous product on winter wheat yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency in five fields over two years. Treatments for the foliar P study included application of a Nutri-phite at two growth stages of winter wheat. Nutri-phite was applied with and without N at 100 and 75% of crop need and P at 100 and 80% of P sufficiency a long a check (no fertilizer) and standard (farmer practice) treatments. Findings and Conclusions: In the control study, teff biomass and grain yields increased with increasing soil moisture and decreased with increasing temperature and photoperiod. Grain yield was more affected by high temperature and drought than biomass yield in the growth chamber study. In the field experiment, biomass and grain yield were highly related to water amount. Teff produced acceptable biomass and grain yields under rainfall treatment. The Nutri-phite product improved grain yield of wheat in some fields, especially when rainfall is not limiting during the growing season. In addition, Nutri-phite was more efficient in increasing grain phosphorus concentration compared with the check treatment. Thus, application of Nutri-phite might improve the wheat growth and yield if weather conditions are normal, and the right amount of Nutri-phite is used.

Growth performance of forest plantations on the western margin of their commercial range

K.C., Dipesh Oklahoma State University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

The southern US contains some of the most productive plantation sites in the USA and Oklahoma is the western margin for several plantation species including sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.), and pitch X loblolly pine hybrid (P. rigida X P. taeda). The long, hot summers and dry winters of Oklahoma provide an opportunity to compare the growth performance of these species at the edge of or outside of their natural range. The region is also prone to ice storms and glaze and pine plantations are negatively affected during such disturbances. Hence we carried out comparative studies on growth performance of different plantations in Oklahoma. One examined the growth performance and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) uptake by sycamore and eastern cottonwood from a decommissioned swine lagoon in the north-central Oklahoma. The results showed that eastern cottonwood outperformed sycamore in both growth and nutrient uptake. The species showed the potential for removing a substantial amount of nutrients from the soil. In another comparative study between loblolly pine, shortleaf pine and pitch X loblolly pine hybrid in southeastern Oklahoma, loblolly pine outperformed both the other species, although shortleaf pine was native to the area. However, wood specific gravity was similar among the species. The final study examined simulated ice damage on loblolly pine stands which had previously undergone either thinning or thinning and pruning. Damaged trees had an average 2.4 m of the top removed. Four years after damage, the relative basal area decreased as the amount of live crown ratio loss increased. Thinned stands showed lower relative reduction in growth with the same level of crown damage than the non-thinned stands. Undamaged trees did not benefit from the opening caused by damaged trees. Unless the damage is severe, the stand can be allowed to recover after the thinning of the damaged trees.

The Effects of Prescribed Fire on Black Bear Forage Availability, Resource Selection, and Distribution in the Interior Highlands

Yaklin, Danielle M Oklahoma State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

Black bears (Ursus americanus) were extirpated from Oklahoma in the early 1900's but have recolonized the eastern part of the state since they were reintroduced into Arkansas in the 1950's and 1960's. Bears now occur in fragmented, human-dominated areas that are managed for human interests. Forest management practices such as prescribed fire have been shown to be beneficial for wildlife by opening up the canopy and allowing more light to penetrate to the understory, stimulating forage production. Because bears must gain substantial fat reserves to last through winter and are highly dependent on seasonal food sources, I investigated the effects of prescribed fire on the availability of key black bear forage items and subsequent bear movements and resource selection in the Ouachita Mountains of southeast Oklahoma. To determine whether prescribed fire positively or negatively affected common black bear forage items, I surveyed soft mast, ants, and hard mast within prescribed burn units in the Ouachita National Forest in Oklahoma between May 2014 and January 2017. I used GPS locations from 60 black bears collared between May 2014 and August 2016 in resource selection functions to determine if bears selected areas of a particular time since fire. Lastly, I used GPS locations from collared black bears in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma in ecological niche models to predict future range expansion westward into Oklahoma. Forage production was highly variable and species-specific. Soft mast was influenced by year, topography, land cover and prescribed fire, but ants and hard mast were not influenced by fire. Bears seemed to select burned areas with more soft mast, but that was variable by sample year. Bears selected hardwood-dominated forests more in autumn when hard mast was important in their diets. Niche models demonstrated bears used forests and higher elevations similarly to resource selection results. Bears have the potential to expand their range farther west in Oklahoma, although areas of expansion will be fragmented and likely have low population density.

Assessing activity of the pecan nut casebearer, Acrobasis nuxvorella, (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Oklahoma using synthetic pheromone and simulation models

Grantham, Richard Allen Oklahoma State University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

<italic>Scope and method of study</italic>. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a variety of tools that will enable Oklahoma pecan growers to make decisions about managing the pecan nut casebearer. Two existing biological models (Texas and Georgia) for predicting first entry of PNC larvae into fruit were field evaluated at seven sites using weather data supplied by the Oklahoma Mesonet. A new PNC pheromone was evaluated in two trap types and its efficacy compared to blacklights. The pheromone was also evaluated at three different heights in the pecan canopy to determine its affect on male PNC numbers. Final damage counts and two-day oviposition and larval damage counts were taken at the three heights to assess any height and/or pheromone effects. Data were analyzed using t-tests, SAS PROC MIXED, GLM, and REG. <italic>Findings and conclusions</italic>. The Texas model was consistently late in predicting the entry date for 1996 although three of the sites were within one day of the observed entry. The Georgia model was consistently early in predictions for 1996. Both models showed mixes of over and under predictions for 1997. Because the Texas model appears more stable over time, degree-day thresholds from it were established for PNC activity in Oklahoma. A new PNC pheromone was evaluated in Pherocon<super>®</super> II and IIID traps, and compared to blacklight catch. Results obtained from trapping the spring emergent generation revealed the Pherocon<super>®</super> II mean catch was significantly greater than the Pherocon<super>®</super> IIID or blacklight catch. Although the Pherocon<super>®</super> II trap appeared to catch more moths in the second and third flight periods, no significant differences were observed between means of tamp types in the F1 and F2 generations. Capture of PNC was evaluated based on height of pheromone traps. A direct relationship was found between height of the trap and moth catch. No significant trends in damage by height were observed in 1996. Damaged clusters in 1997 were significantly different at each height with increasing damage from the bottom to top of the pecan tree.