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- 발행기관 : Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (검색결과 20 건)
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Sheen, Seongho Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts Univer 2001 해외박사
From the early state of the Cold War, the United States initiated worldwide export controls as an economic containment policy against the Soviet Union. The U.S. government tried to block any transfer of militarily sensitive items and technologies to the Soviet Union, which may benefit the Soviet military strength. Although initially conceived as a temporary measure, the export controls became a major strategy to fights against communist threats in the name of national security. In order to make its efforts valid, the United States asked its allies for international cooperation of export controls. The United States and its western allies created Coordinated Committee(CoCom) as a multilateral regime of export controls. The United States also created extensive regimes of bilateral export control agreements with its non-Western allies. As technological capacity of some non-CoCom allies, such as Asian Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs), grew rapidly in the 1980s, the United States asked these allies to adopt CoCom level export controls. The U.S. negotiations with Asia-Pacific countries in the 1980s, later known as Third Country Cooperation(TCC), however, brought limited success. Despite their dependence on the United States and broad agreement on security interests, some countries did not cooperate with U.S. initiative as they saw divergent national interests with regard to export controls. The case studies of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Australia shows that the four Asia-Pacific allies followed their own preferences in economic development, trade, and technology in deciding their cooperation with the U.S. demands. In particular, the U.S. government did not use its coercive leverage-denial of U.S. technology exports-against South Korea and Taiwan despite their non-cooperation due to concern for domestic industry’s business interest. This confirms that weaker allies’preference as well as hegemonic power is important determinant of regime cooperation.
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Johnson, Theodore A Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts Univer 2009 해외공개박사
The culture of International Organizations is an amalgam of National and Organizational impacts on staff relationships which affect organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The research for this dissertation took place within the World Health Organization (WHO) and followed a qualitative process based on Grounded Theory. Data was obtained from several hundred WHO staff members who participated in workshops, interviews, focus groups and an online survey. A recurring theme from the data revealed that culture operated as a kind of paralysis, preventing people from expressing themselves comfortably, making it difficult to know what behavior was acceptable or expected and suppressing the ability to be assertive when necessary-all of which dampens the potential of an internationally diverse workforce. National Culture was examined following Hofstede's "4D" dimension of Individualism / Collectivism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculine /Feminine. Organizational Culture was examined from traditional functionalist theory, the impact of Haas' research on Epistemic Communities and Barnett and Finnemore's Bureaucratic Actor Models of structure and dysfunction. The research also examined the impact of National and Organizational Culture on communication and relationships among staff and management during meetings and negotiations. A significant finding is that Organizational Culture overrides National Culture in staff-to-staff relationships, creates a top down hierarchical environment that impacts decision-making leading to a pattern of bureaucratic normalization that fails to take advantage of cultural and gender diversity. The dissertation recommends that WHO and international organizations in general institute a process of discovering their cultural landscape as a resource and a potential of untapped power with which to further their missions and objectives. A further recommendation is to view cultural differences through a lens of "Consilience" where National, Organizational and Communication Cultures converge to produce holistic new approaches in research, analysis and practice in order to benefit both efficiency and effectiveness as well as to improve international integration.
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The dynamics of binational environmental regime formation in the North American Great Lakes basin
Hagen, John O., Jr Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts Univer 2009 해외공개박사
This study examines the development of water pollution management regimes by the United States and Canada in the Great Lakes basin. The analysis of three water pollution crises in the Great Lakes basin shows how jurisdictional differences between the two federal governments and the basin's state and provincial governments impede the formation and maintenance of pollution management regimes. For each crisis, the degree of public interest and the public framing of the problem are analyzed as independent variables that could potentially overcome the barriers to regime formation caused by federalism. The 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty established a legally binding norm that neither country would pollute water crossing the boundary to the injury of the other, thus creating a weak binational water pollution regime. Three subsequent cases of transboundary water pollution moved Canada and the United States to consider strengthening the binational regime to limit the injury caused by the pollution. In each case, overlapping government jurisdictions in the basin impeded regime strengthening. States and provinces, which controlled resource development, could not legally enter into binding regimes. The two federal governments could legally commit to a stronger regime, but had limited means to assure state and provincial compliance. Further complicating pollution management in the basin, the costs and benefits of an enhanced regime could not be evenly distributed among the different basin governments. In each crisis, the degree of public interest and the problem as framed by the public influenced government acceptance of potential regimes. Between 1910 and 1930, transboundary water pollution was framed as a public health problem that was characterized by persistent typhoid epidemics. Following World War II, water pollution was framed as an economic problem of balancing the use of the lakes as a sink for pollutants against the use of the lakes as a water source for municipalities and industries. By 1960, water pollution was framed as an environmental problem in which the mere presence of the pollution was intolerable to the public. The historical analysis across the three cases reveals that in a federal system, all levels of government participate in regimes, with each government using regime institutions not only to address pollution, but to influence the behavior of the other level of government in its own domestic system.
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Evaluation use in non-governmental organizations: Unlocking the "do--learn--plan" continuum
Karan, Lakshmi Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts Univer 2009 해외공개박사
This dissertation explored the factors that influence evaluation use and the challenges non-governmental organizations (NGOs) face in adapting learning practices and systems that enable use. While there has been much theoretical work done on evaluation use and learning in general how NGOs can build systems and practices to promote use has been missing. The research addressed this gap - it developed a utility model that identifies the key factors that influence use and the practical steps NGOs can take to implement the model. To get at the answers, the research reviewed the theoretical models - within evaluation and organizational theory - that promote use; conducted a survey to understand the current state of use within the NGO sector and the systems that provide an effective link between doing evaluations, knowing the results and learning from them. The final evaluation utility model presents a fundamental shift in how NGOs must approach program evaluation. It challenges the conventional thinking in the NGO sector with the notion that it is no longer sufficient to focus on use only at the program level. The utility model revealed that influencing factors must extend to include the larger context of organizational behavior and learning.
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