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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Viau, Terry Brennan (검색결과 2 건)
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Viau, Terry Brennan Michigan State University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)
소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.
In the current environment of limited financial resources for higher education, there is evidence to indicate that national access policy has been undermined by financial constraints at the state and institutional levels. Spiraling tuition rates, the declining purchasing power of need-based financial aid programs and increasing competition for high-quality students are factors that may be contributing to the widening gap between the participation rates of low-income and high-income students (McPherson & Schapiro, 1998). Evidence also indicates that it is rare today to find states enacting policies that explicitly link funding for public higher education, tuition rates and funding for state financial aid programs. Without this coordinated effort, it has been posited that low-income student access to public higher education is unlikely to be sustained. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which coordinated efforts exist at the university level. Specifically, this study sought to determine the extent to which institutional policymakers at Michigan public universities link decisions related to need-based financial aid and tuition pricing, and to determine if these policies support institutional goals related to access and affordability. Resource dependence theory was utilized to frame and analyze the results of this study. In this context, university policymaking is interpreted as the institutional response to external forces that control needed resources (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978). This study may be of significance to state and university policymakers as they evaluate university policies and practices that facilitate or negatively affect low-income student access to higher education, specifically access to public universities in Michigan. The research strategy for this study was a case study of policymaking at the 15 public universities in Michigan. The study included the use of qualitative and quantitative research methods and data was collected from three primary sources: state and university documents, archival reports and records and a survey of financial aid and budget officers at Michigan's 15 public universities. The results of the study indicate that policy decisions related to funding for institutional need-based aid and tuition pricing are coordinated at Michigan public universities and indicate that the extent to which the policies are linked may be based, in part, on university type and the university's mission and goals related to access and affordability. The results of the survey also reveal that a growing share of institutional financial aid funding is being allocated to merit-based scholarships; at most of the institutions responding to the survey questionnaire, the share of institutional aid allocated to merit-based scholarship exceeds the share allocated to need-based grant.
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Viau, Emily Jan Yale University 2009 해외박사(DDOD)
소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.
Land application of biosolids (treated sewage sludge) to agricultural fields generates a significant emission of respirable aerosols that can move off-site and expose downwind communities to biosolids constituents. Accurate estimation of infectious and respiratory health risks associated with this practice requires better knowledge of pathogen content and lung inflammatory potential for biosolids of class A and class B quality. Biosolids from twenty-nine U.S. utilities were surveyed for resistant bacterial and viral pathogens, associated indicators, and lung inflammatory agents (e.g. endotoxins)---four stabilization processes were targeted including class B mesophilic anaerobic digestion, and class A temperature-phased anaerobic digestion, composting, and heat pelletization. Both culturable indicator and qPCR-based concentrations of human adenovirus spp., Legionella pneumophila, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium difficile were significantly lower and detected less frequently in class A biosolids, while lung inflammatory agents were comparable between the two classes. Enterococci qPCR was more indicative of pathogen inactivation behavior than fecal coliforms through biosolid treatment and could circumvent specificity issues associated with using multi-species indicators when monitoring in complex biosolid microbiological communities. Pathogen densities in bulk biosolids were translated to an aerosol inhalation dose for a land application event using previously calibrated aerosol reconstruction, Gaussian aerosol transport, and intermittent exposure time models. Pathogen aerosol dose was affected more by biosolid treatments than separation distance from the biosolid field---using class A composting over class B MAD resulted in 2.6 log exposure reductions, while 165--500 m separation distances reduced exposure by 0.5--1.3 logs for a worst-case aerosol scenario. To further elucidate human health effects from a biosolid aerosol exposure, in vitro experiments exposed bronchial epithelial cells to respirable biosolids, animal manure, and soils. Lung cell cytotoxicity and induction of inflammatory cytokines were significantly increased in biosolid and animal manure exposures compared to agricultural soils---lung cytotoxicity results followed pathogen content trends, with MAD biosolids showing the highest cytotoxicity. Research outcomes provide a scientific basis for updating U.S. biosolid regulations---biosolid aerosol exposures could be decreased by 4-logs through mandating class A composting or similar treatment and requiring a minimum of 150 m separation distance between biosolid-applied fields and downwind communities.
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