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Returning to Zion: The narrative of the Dura-Europos synagogue frescoes
Schenk, Kara L The Johns Hopkins University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)
This dissertation focuses on the fresco cycle of the Dura-Europos synagogue (244-245 CE). The frescoes were buried with the city of Dura (in eastern Syria) later in the third century CE and rediscovered in the 1930's. Although floor mosaics from ancient synagogues have also been unearthed, the Dura synagogue represents the only extant example of a late antique synagogue with monumental narratives in fresco. Over seventy years after its discovery, questions remain concerning the arrangement and meaning of the biblical narratives depicted there. This study takes up two central and interrelated questions. First, what significance would the image of the Temple from the early phase of decoration have had for the synagogue community in the period after the Jerusalem Temple's destruction in 70 CE? Second, how should we understand the choice, placement and presentation of the biblical narratives on the surrounding walls?. In Part I, I consider the early Temple image at Dura in comparison to both the earliest known depiction of the Temple on the coins of the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-135 CE) and to later synagogue floor mosaics with Tabernacle- or Temple-related imagery. I conclude that whereas the early image on the coins represented the revolt's focus on the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem, the imagery in the synagogues served as means to orient the worshiper in the liturgical context of the synagogue, the institution that rose to prominence after the Temple's destruction. As indicated by Aramaic dedication inscription referring to a "house for the ark," the Dura Temple image functioned as a sign that linked the shrine holding the Torah scroll cabinet (the synagogue "ark") with the Temple that once housed the Ark of the Covenant. As a focus of prayer, the Torah shrine was also aligned with Jerusalem itself, site of the past (and future) Temple. In Part II, I offer an analysis of the biblical narratives that surrounded the early Temple image at Dura. Contrary to the conclusions reached by previous scholars, I argue that the Temple image created in the first phase of decoration can be understood as the narrative conclusion of the narrative sequences added in a second phase of decoration. It represented the placement of the Ark of the Covenant in Solomon's Temple as the high point of Israel's historical narrative. Moreover, it could also function as a typological reference to the eschatological or messianic conclusion of Israel's historical narrative in the restoration of this kingdom. Rather than describing the overall arrangement of the narratives as part of a carefully determined "program" held together by a specific theme or themes, I attempt to recapitulate the additive process whereby the Dura community recontextualized the symbol of the Temple as part of a larger narrative structure. I also suggest ways in which the liturgical context would have encouraged members of the synagogue community to see themselves in connection to the people of Israel, whose history was recounted on the surrounding walls. Such a context elided the distinction between past and present to reinforce the identity of the congregation as a people of the Covenant: descendants of the patriarchs, redeemed from Egypt and anticipating their arrival in the land. The establishment of the Temple on Zion represented the ultimate conclusion of their story.
SCHENK, KURT CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1999 해외박사(DDOD)
<italic>Part I</italic>. This thesis is motivated by the increasing demand for power quality improvement. Power factor correction topologies for both single- and the three-phase utility lines are investigated and new modes of operation are introduced. The discussed topologies are so-called automatic power factor correctors. The current shaping function is a natural property of these circuits, and no extra current control loop is necessary. In both the single- and three-phase cases, a control method is introduced which provides full output regulation and simultaneously reduces the distortion of the input current at no extra cost. Whereas in the single-phase topology, galvanic isolation is easily obtained, in the three-phase topology, some obstacles have to be overcome. The isolated three-phase converter has an inherent output voltage ripple. This problem is analyzed and a solution is presented. Results obtained on experimental circuits agree well with the prediction and therefore confirm the validity of the analysis. <italic>Part II</italic>. The small-signal behavior of converters in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is investigated using an alternative approach. Transfer functions obtained by state-space averaging in DCM do not provide accurate results at higher frequencies. A correction term is introduced that can be added to the transfer function. This greatly enhances the accuracy. For converters operating in DCM the state-space averaging method as originally introduced is relatively complicated if more than one element operates in discontinuous conduction mode. In this thesis, a standardized procedure is introduced to perform state-space averaging. Also, the complexity of this procedure does not increase as the number of discontinuous states increases.
Psychological Measures to Predict Serious Prison Violence
Schenk, Allison M West Virginia University 2014 해외박사(DDOD)
With 2.2 million adults incarcerated throughout the United States (Glaze & Herberman, 2013), prisons are crowded, volatile environments susceptible to violence. Prior research has identified demographic and criminal variables that consistently predict prison violence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of psychological variables to predict prison violence among 180 inmates from a state prison in West Virginia. The psychological variables studied included history of mental illness and results from psychological assessments (Beta-III, MMPI-2-RF, TCU Drug Screen II). Using a logistic regression analysis, history of mental illness and the MMPI-2-RF scale of Psychoticism accurately predicted violent inmates from non-violent inmates while controlling for demographic and criminal variables. A weighted measure of violence severity was calculated and a multiple regression analysis was conducted. In the final model, mental health history significantly predicted Violence Severity Index scores. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified three meaningful groups of violent inmates based on the five MMPI-2-RF personality psychopathology scales. Eleven inmates were characterized by high scores on Psychoticism and Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism. Another cluster of 15 inmates were defined by high scores on the Aggressiveness and Disconstraint (e.g., risk-taking, impulsivity) scales. The third group had low scores on these four scales and had moderate scores on Low Positive Emotionality/Introversion. The results of this study support the conclusion that psychological variables have utility in predicting prison violence, but more research is needed to continue understanding this relationship.