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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Kukla, Jon (검색결과 3 건)
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Kukla, Matthew Williams University of Florida 2012 해외박사(DDOD)
South Asian and sub-Saharan African governments face immense economic and social challenges along with fragmented and weak health care systems. These factors have caused health system performance to be among the worst in the world. Understanding factors that influence patient and household health care decision-making and vary by medical provider are necessary conditions for determining which policies to target in order to improve system performance. Among such factors, this dissertation’s primary objective was to examine whether and under what conditions out-of-pocket, transportation, time and total costs influenced households’ choice of self, private informal, private formal or public care for childhood diarrheal illnesses. It specifically assessed cost-choice elasticities for these four choices as well as how they varied by household wealth. This dissertation utilized household data from the Healthcare Utilization and Attitude Survey, a 2010 cross sectional survey examining childhood diarrheal illnesses from Gambia, Kenya, Pakistan and India. An economic model on household demand for medical care was developed and then operationalized through a series of multinomial nested logit models. Cross country findings indicated that all cost categories generally influenced households’ choice of medical provider, though they were largely cost inelastic. Results varied by wealth group, with poorer households more responsive to cost changes than wealthier families. As costs rose across external provider types, households were most likely to self treat rather than seek care. A significant share of households also sought informal care despite higher costs and worse clinical quality. To improve access and stimulate demand for formal medical care, particularly among the poor, policymakers must focus on two areas: (a) reducing time and transportation costs across all providers, while eliminating user fees in the public sector; and (b) improve transparency of costs and quality to improve household decisions. Future work should consider alternative organizational and quality factors like workforce and supply availability, patient satisfaction, trust, flexibility and efficiency, as these may significantly impact household medical decisions.
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Kant's theory of cognition: An interpretation of the argument of the transcendental deduction
Kukla, Todd Anthony University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2011 해외박사(DDOD)
The purpose of Kant's transcendental deduction in the Critique of Pure Reason is to prove that certain concepts not derived from experience (called categories) apply to and govern the objects of our experience. Kant seeks to dispel Hume's skeptical assertion that concepts such as cause and substance fail to identify features of reality. His proof appeals to our cognitive abilities, and he argues that, if the application of these concepts to experience makes cognition of objects possible, then these concepts must apply to any object that we can cognize. However, there is extensive disagreement in the secondary literature on the nature of the ability named by the term "cognition." What is this capacity that the categories make possible?. My dissertation provides an answer to this question. First, I argue that "cognition" refers to the phenomenon of intentionality. This means that the capacity for mental representations to refer to, or be about, objects is made possible by the application of the categories to experience. Second, I argue that cognition is the capacity to intend the full scope of objects in space and time---including the past, the future, and remote space. Many commentators focus only on Kant's theory of perception, according to which rudimentary sensory information is synthesized into the perception of an object. Although the categories do play a role in synthesizing perceptions, I argue that more importantly they play a role in enabling the representation of objects that are not given in perception. On the reading I defend, the categories ground our ability to represent the wider spatio-temporal world. I term this ability "global intentionality.". In the first part of the dissertation, I argue against epistemological interpretations of the nature of cognition. According to this reading, the categories make empirical knowledge possible. This reading situates Kant within a philosophical tradition that is concerned with knowing whether our representations are accurate or correct portrayals of the world, and commentators have sought to find in Kant's project a refutation of empirical knowledge and external world skepticism. I argue that instead of ensuring correctness of representation, the application of the categories to experience is necessary for the more basic capacity for representations to be about the world in the first place. The first part concludes by showing that the scope of intentionality is global. I appeal to the Postulates, Antinomies, and Analogies, as well as the Deduction, to support this claim. In the second part of the dissertation, I develop Kant's theory of global intentionality. I argue that he offers a rule-based analysis, according to which intentional representations are simply rules for encountering objects. Since on Kant's view objects are spatio-temporal in nature, rules for encountering them take the form of instructions for repositioning oneself in space and time, such that, if obeyed, would put one in their perceptual vicinity. I claim that this view is in many respects similar to William James's understanding of cognition. Kant's position, however, raises a special problem for representation of the past, because it is not possible to formulate rules that would put one in the vicinity of a past object. I argue that Kant's proof of the category of substance is designed to solve this problem.
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