The expected profit model: A new method to measure the welfare impacts of marine protected areas

Haynie, Alan C University of Washington 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation develops, tests, and applies a new type of discrete/continuous model, the expected profit model (EPM), that allows us to make ex-ante welfare estimates of area closures such as marine protected areas, even when the only information that we have about costs is travel distance. Traditionally, the literature has predicted fisher location choice in a two-stage process. In the first stage the average revenue is calculated, and in the second stage average revenue is a predictor of location choice. Here we endogenously estimate expected catch simultaneously with location choice, which, among other benefits, enables us to observe how actors trade off revenue and travel costs. We conduct a series of Monte Carlo experiments to test the efficacy of the EPM and find that the EPM shows a slight increase in performance over the standard approach. Using the EPM we assess the welfare impacts of an emergency closure of the Steller Sea Lion Conservation area (SCA) in summer 2000 on the Bering Sea pollock catcher vessel fishery. We estimate a series of EPM models which incorporate the impact of vessel characteristics and functional forms in our welfare calculations. We estimate a total of 34 EPM models, including random parameters models, and implement a frequentist model averaging procedure of our predictions and welfare results. Using data from 1995--1998, we make predictions of fisher location choice for 1999--2002, including the closure period. The model fit for the in-sample period is extremely good, but predictive accuracy declines markedly during the emergency closure period. The model also fits well for the 2001 and 2002 summer seasons. The EPM can also be used to assess the distributional impact of area closures on different vessel classes or ports. We examine how the SCA closure affects different vessel classes in the pollock fishery, but we cannot distinguish a significant impact between partial and full-coverage vessels. In concluding, we identify a series of directions for future research. Specifically, we discuss the importance of further examining intraseasonal variation, utilizing other modeling techniques, improving included data, and examining other fisheries and management institutions in the Bering Sea.

Developing understandings of community and self through practices in two 11th grade English literature classes

Haynie, Kathleen Cion Stanford University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation addressed the question of whether structuring class practices to provide opportunities for adolescent students to connect literature interpretations and questions of self in community would develop students' understandings of community, relationship, and self. One regular and one honors 11<super>th</super> grade English class were studied. In addressing this question, the impact of curriculum, instruction, the learning community, students' characteristics, sources of teacher support, and methods of assessing students' understandings were considered. Students' understandings were assessed before and after a 5-month educational intervention. Self, relationship, and community understandings involved two dimensions: (1) conceptual understandings and (2) how life experiences and literature were linked with respect to these understandings. The assessment of students' understandings involved a literature-based assessment (all students) and in-depth interviews (eight students). Class observations involved tracking of related curriculum content (i.e., self, relationship, or community) and processes (e.g., discussions, lectures). For the literature-based assessment, MANOVA results indicated significant changes across the two classes for total score (conceptual understandings and life linked with literature) and links score (number of textual links, subjects named, and level of detail). Interview results indicated students' conceptual understandings developed, and cognitively advanced links were made between life experiences and literature. The regular class made marginal gains in conceptual understandings of self and modest gains in linking life experiences with texts. Class content was often introduced in terms of individual subjects (e.g., characters, writers), and the surrounding communities against which they defined themselves. Class processes did not engage students' voices - 91.1% were monologically organized. The honors class made considerable gains in their conceptual understandings of community and relationship, and their insight into characters. Some students drew from literature to exemplify complex ideas. Content was typically discussed in terms of social entities: characters or writers, their communities, and relationships between the two. Class processes typically engaged students' voices - 71.9% were dialogically organized. Designing and implementing literature curricula for adolescent readers with a focus on self, relationship, and community can support adolescents' socio-cognitive development. Individual conceptual development resulting from such implementations may be greater given dialogically organized instructional practices.

Manipulation of RC/4B pituitary cells exposed to sustained and conventional levels of glucocorticoids

Haynie, Lisa A The University of Mississippi Medical Center 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors that arise exclusively within the anterior pituitary. Many of these tumors can be successfully treated. Surgical removal of the tumor is generally the first line of treatment. In addition, HRT is used to return the body to normal hormone production; however, HRT regimen is the most cumbersome and often leads the patient at serious risk for peaks and valleys in hormone levels as well as an increase in stress levels. Without the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) the patient's ability to produce an anti-stress effect may be altered. The objective of this study is to determine what happens to the pituitary cells at cortisol levels indicating hypocortisolism, normal cortisol, and hypercortisolism alone or at different points of endotoxin administration. The experimental design consisted of four phases. The results of this investigation yielded: (a) proliferation rates of RC/4B cells demonstrated a decline in cell number as early as 24 and 72 hours and a rebound to control levels by 96 hours throughout the study; (b) TCPL drug delivery system was capable of providing sustained release of cortisol, as evidenced by survival of the cells in all experimental groups; (c) regardless of the cortisol dose + the pre or post exposure to LPS, RC/4B cells were viable throughout all experimental periods; (d) the use of sustained delivery of supraphysiological dose of cortisol provided an ideal means of steroid delivery in the in vitro environment; (e) exposure of RC/4B cells to various levels of glucocorticoids 30 minutes post exposure to LPS (conventional) does not inhibit IL-6 secretion in all treated groups; however, over time the amount of IL-6 is decreased in the cortisol treated groups compared to the control group; (f) exposure of RC/4B cells to various levels of cortisol 30 minutes post exposure to LPS (conventional) suppressed FSH levels at all time periods; conversely, positive levels of LH were noted by 72 hours, and then decreased levels were noted in the cortisol treated groups over time. Overall, the results of this study provided the literature for the first time, with preliminary findings regarding the effects of conventional and sustained delivery of cortisol on the RC/4B cell line.

Cognitive adaptability: The role of metacognition and feedback in entrepreneurial decision policies

Haynie, James M University of Colorado at Boulder 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Entrepreneurship scholars suggest that cognition can serve as a process lens through which to "reexamine the people side of entrepreneurship" by investigating the memory, learning, problem identification, and decision-making abilities of entrepreneurs. This dissertation embraces such inquiry through the investigation of how individuals develop "higher-order" cognitive strategies to promote cognitive adaptability, which I define as the ability to appropriately evolve individual decision-frameworks in concert with a changing and uncertain environment. I propose that cognitive adaptability underlies an 'entrepreneurial mindset' and similar, cognitive conceptualizations of entrepreneurial decision processes (McGrath and MacMillan, 2000; Hitt, Ireland, & Sirmon, 2003). Cognitive adaptability is enabled through the development of strategies that serve to promote the process of "thinking about thinking," or more precisely metacognition. Metacognition describes a higher-order cognitive process for organizing what individuals know about themselves, tasks, situations, and their environments in such a way as to facilitate effective and dynamic cognitive functioning. In this dissertation, I present three complementary studies that investigate the role that metacognition plays in promoting cognitive adaptability in the context of performing an entrepreneurial task---opportunity evaluation. I bring together three streams of literature from psychology---metacognition, situated cognition, and the learning literature focused on cognitive feedback---in a model that attempts to address calls by prominent researchers to bridge cognitive and social psychological approaches in the study of metacognition (Jost, Kruglanski, and Nelson, 1998; Mischel, 1998; Schwarz, 1998b). This research has three goals, specifically to demonstrate that (1) metacognitive awareness promotes 'cognitive adaptability' in the context of an entrepreneurial task, (2) that cognitive adaptability, enabled by metacognitive awareness, enhances cognitive functioning in dynamic environments, and that (3) cognitive adaptability, as a function of metacognitive awareness, can be reliably measured.

Studies in the History and Geography of California Languages

Haynie, Hannah Jane University of California, Berkeley 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation uses quantitative and geographic analysis techniques to examine the historical and geographical processes that have shaped California's linguistic diversity. Many questions in California historical linguistics have received diminishing attention in recent years, remaining unanswered despite their continued relevance. The studies included in this dissertation reinvigorate some of these lines of inquiry by introducing new analytical techniques that make effective use of computational advances and existing linguistic data. These studies represent three different scales of historical change – and associated geographic patterns – and demonstrate the broad applicability of new statistical and geographic methodologies in several areas of historical linguistics. The first of these studies (Chapter 2) focuses on the dialect scale, examining the network of internal diversity within the Eastern Miwok languages of the Central Sierra Nevada foothills. This study uses dialectometric measures of linguistic differentiation and geographic distance models to characterize the dialect geography of this language family and examine how human-environment relations have influenced its development. This study finds three primary linguistic divisions in the Eastern Miwok dialect network, corresponding to Plains Miwok, Southern Sierra Miwok and Northern/Central Sierra Miwok, as well as a number of smaller patterns of regional variation. It also identifies elevation, vegetation, and surface water as influences on the dialect network in the region and establishes the utility of cost distance modeling for studying historical linguistic contact networks in situations where our historical knowledge is limited. The second study (Chapter 3) evaluates the hypothesis that the small families and isolate languages of California form a few, deep genealogical ``stocks''. While attempts to validate two of these – Hokan and Penutian – have not met with widespread approval, the classifications themselves have been adopted widely. This study examines the statistical evidence for such deep, stock-level relationships among California languages by implementing a metric of recurrent sound correspondence and a Monte Carlo-style test for significance. The multilateral comparison involved in the clustering component of this method makes it particularly sensitive to the types of large clusters that might represent "Hokan" and "Penutian" groups. However, this test finds no evidence for such groupings and casts further doubt on the genealogical status of these categories. The scale of the final study (Chapter 4) is broader both temporally and geographically. Chapter 4 examines the idea that Northern California functions as a linguistic area. Uncertainty regarding the genealogical and contact-related influences on individual languages in the region and links between Northern California and other linguistic areas make it difficult to evaluate existing proposals about the region's areal status based only on the regional similarities such studies offer as evidence. This chapter uses measures of spatial autocorrelation to determine whether the spatial patterns exhibited by individual features and cumulative patterns in the region as a whole are likely to reflect a history of geographic trait diffusion. While there is good evidence for areal feature spread in Northern California, and particularly in the Northwestern California and Clear Lake areas, many of the features that occur in Northern California extend up the Pacific coast and suggest that Northern California may be better characterized as a peripheral part of the better-supported Northwest Coast linguistic area.