Beyond Goal Setting and Planning: An Examination of College Students' Forethought as a Key Component of Self-Regulated Learning

Brady, Anna C., Brady The Ohio State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation consists of a literature review and two empirical studies that focus on the forethought phase of self-regulated learning. The overall goal was to provide a more thorough understanding of the processes students engage in prior to initiating their academic tasks. This dissertation is composed of five chapters. Chapter One introduces the forethought and connects it importance to both persistence and retention in college. Chapter Two provides a review of theoretical perspectives and the extant empirical research on students' forethought processes. This review is primarily grounded within frameworks of self-regulated learning and identifies and explains the central processes that self-regulated learning researchers have referred to as forethought. In addition, Chapter Two includes a review of the empirical evidence of the relations between students' task engagement and achievement to both establish the importance of forethought and to identify gaps in the literature.Chapter Three presents the findings of an initial empirical study designed to identify college students' forethought. The goal of this qualitative study was to identify the major processes students engage in as they begin to initiate work on academic tasks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 students enrolled in calculus courses. Then, a grounded theory approach was used to identify the major forethought processes students described. The emergent findings provide an overview of the forethought processes students including identifying goals, ordering and prioritizing tasks, scheduling, storing goals and plans, and regulating goals and plans. In addition, findings suggested that students' forethought is connected to their beliefs about math, prior experiences, and class domain and context.Chapter Four presents a second empirical study focused on college students' forethought processes. The goal of this study was to investigate the importance of students' forethought through the lens of self-regulated learning. Using emergent data from Study 1, an instrument that measured college students' forethought was created. Then, path analysis was used to examine the relationships among students' forethought, self-efficacy, task engagement, and performance. The results from this study suggest that forethought is a positive predictor of both deep learning strategies and positive achievement emotions. In turn, positive achievement emotions predict students' performance.Together, the dissertation chapters inform frameworks of self-regulated learning by elaborating on students' forethought processes. The findings from Study 1 and Study 2 provide evidence of the existence and importance of the processes college students engage in as they begin to initiate work on academic tasks. In addition, these findings provide practical implications for college students and higher education practitioners.

On Determining the Number of Predictor in a Regression Equation Used for Prediction : [by] Meg Brady Carr

Carr, Meg Brady University Microfilms International 1984 국내박사

Cross-Layer Optimization for Off-Network Public Safety Communications in 4G LTE and 5G NR

Brady, Collin University of Washington ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

As public safety migrates from existing digital Land Mobile Radio (LMR) networks to Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) based FirstNet, an issue of key concern is coverage. To handle off-network scenarios, 3GPP has introduced Sidelink, a communication link that facilitates direct communication between user equipment (UE). In this thesis, we analyze and propose improvements to the two standards which constitute the Sidelink, Fourth Generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) Proximity Services (ProSe) and Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) Cellular Vehicle-to-Anything (C-V2X).As both standards are relatively new and poorly understood, we attempt to model them in terms of their Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). These models allow us to validate the performance of the network simulator 3 (ns-3) implementations of these standards and to determine how best to set the Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer parameters to optimize the KPIs. The challenge in any real-world scenario is that some number of PHY parameters that contribute to the performance of a KPI (e.g., the number of UE participating in the ad hoc network) are hidden from UEs, hindering the optimal setting of PHY/MAC parameters. To deal with this challenge, we use the previously developed models to aid in learning the hidden parameters during operation and set PHY/MAC parameters according to those approximations, thereby improving performance.In ProSe, we examine the performance of the ProSe Device-to-Device (D2D) direct discovery process in out-of-coverage scenarios. We model individual discovery periods as a slotted random access protocol with half-duplex (HD) UE and the entire discovery process as a modified coupon collectors problem. We use the open-source network simulator 3 (ns-3) to validate our model and evaluate the discovery process's performance as a function of the size of the resource pool, UE density, and transmission probability. We establish there exists an optimal transmission probability that minimizes discovery time for a given network configuration and develop a method to allow UEs to learn the optimal transmission probability during discovery by estimating the hidden parameters.For C-V2X, we present a novel distributed blind retransmission algorithm in out-of-coverage (mode 2) scenarios. Our contribution is intended as an enhancement to standard (3GPP) specified sensing-based Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS) resource re-allocation by opportunistically reusing blind retransmissions to improve average per-user throughput for UE-to-UE transmissions. We initially develop a detailed cross-layer model for (per user) throughput of 5G NR mode 2, supported by simulations using the reputable open-source ns-3 (www.nsnam.org) network simulator. This model and simulation analysis provided important insights into the underlying causative trends and led to two novel distributed adaptive algorithms for resource selection: an initial standards-compliant Dynamic Retransmission (D-Re) and a final standards non-compliant Opportunistic Retransmission (O-Re) algorithm. We show that both D-Re and O-Re render average per-UE throughput robust even in the absence of direct knowledge of 5G network parameters, while O-Re significantly improves the averaged per-UE throughput at high UE densities.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTHY AGING, INHIBITION, MEMORY, AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTION

BRADY, CHRISTOPHER BERNARD WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation examined the role of age-related inhibitory dysfunction in the cognitive changes seen in healthy aging. Previous research (e.g., Hasher & Zacks, 1988) suggested that older adults experience declines in cognition due to an inability to inhibit irrelevant information from consciousness while processing information. Although this avenue of research has provided a potentially powerful and parsimonious explanation of age-related cognitive decline, it also has produced inconsistent results. Some studies have demonstrated age-related inhibitory dysfunction; others have not. Furthermore, attempts to link age-related brain changes with inhibitory deficits have provided suggestive, yet inconclusive results. This dissertation began to address methodological shortcomings in previous research by applying a paradigm (a relatedness judgment task) that analyzed inhibitory processes involved in homograph (i.e., words with multiple meanings) disambiguation. Additionally, relations between these inhibitory processes and those controlling recognition memory performance were also examined. Furthermore, relations between these inhibitory processes and various brain regions (e.g., temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes) were assessed through neuropsychological testing. The results from the relatedness judgment task showed that older adults exhibited intact inhibitory processing during homograph disambiguation. Both the magnitude and timecourse of inhibitory processing were similar for younger and older adults. Inhibitory processes engaged during the relatedness judgment task, therefore, could not account for the age differences that were found in recognition memory. Regarding the neuropsychological battery results, the older adults' data suggested relatively greater age differences in frontal <italic>and</italic> temporal lobe functioning. Furthermore, no relations were found between the neuropsychological battery and the measures of inhibitory function. Taken in sum, age differences that were found on the neuropsychological battery and episodic recognition test were consistent with age-related declines in frontal and temporal lobe function and not consistent with an age-related inhibitory dysfunction. An implication of these results is that a more general frontotemporal model of decline, rather than a more specific inhibitory dysfunction model, better defines the pattern of cognitive changes that do occur in healthy aging.

Political theory and public practice: Juergen Habermas and the development of a multicultural sphere in Berlin, 1972--1995 (Germany)

Brady, John Shannon University of California, Berkeley 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Jürgen Habermas is one of the most influential analysts of the modern public sphere. Throughout his career, Habermas has offered a sophisticated analysis of public politics and has developed conceptual tools, empirical categories, and normative principles necessary to explore the role public debate plays in the continuing evolution of modern democracy. This dissertation examines the relevance of Habermas's theory of the public sphere for the analysis of contemporary politics, specifically the politics of incorporating new minority groups into the public sphere. This examination of Habermas's theory of the public sphere takes place on two levels: the theoretical and the empirical. On the theoretical level, this dissertation critically reconstructs Habermas's theory of the public sphere. On the empirical level, it tests the applicability of this theory to the analysis of contemporary politics through a case study of Berlin, Germany's multicultural public sphere in the years 1972 to 1995. In presenting this two tiered analysis, the project constructively engages Habermas's framework, expanding it to include a more dynamic analysis of the public sphere's historical constitution. In many respects, Habermas has formulated a powerful empirical and practical analysis of public politics. He offers an extensive description of public politics, one that identifies the main sources of conflict in the public sphere; offers a systematic definition of the public's main actors, and charts the many forms of speech and action present in the public arena. Nonetheless, this dissertation argues that he neglects key aspects of public politics, often offers a static account of political activity in and around the public sphere, and underestimates the real barriers that exist to democratic participation in the public sphere. Most importantly, Habermas's theory of the public sphere does not provide the conceptual tools to illuminate the empirical and normative dimensions of the politics of incorporation, the process through which new minorities construct the political space for the discussion of their needs and concerns. Against the backdrop of the Berlin case, the dissertation introduces alterations in Habermas's framework that increase its ability to better reflect on this significant element of contemporary public politics.

Techniques for interference analysis and spectrum management of digital subscriber lines

Brady, Mark H Stanford University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) is emerging as a key component in next-generation digital subscriber line (DSL) technology. Because DSL twisted-pair binder channels are chiefly interference-limited, the multiuser performance and compatibility of DSM is of foremost importance. Although these issues are well understood for Static Spectrum Management (SSM) used in state-of-the-art DSL, existing techniques are not amenable to the study of Dynamic Spectrum Management. This thesis presents novel interference analyses that characterize the performance of two classes of DSM: when multiuser interference is treated as noise, and when multiuser encoding and decoding ("vectored transmission") is performed. A game-theoretic framework is adopted whereby Nash equilibria of certain strictly-competitive games characterize the "worst" interference scenarios. When interference is treated as noise, this approach yields a lower bound that is close to performance in the field. Numerical results are presented for two relevant scenarios: an upstream VDSL deployment exhibiting the near-far effect, and an asymmetric DSL remote terminal (RT) deployment with long central office (CO) lines. The results show that the performance improvement of DSM over SSM techniques in these channels can be preserved by appropriate distributed power control, even in worst-case interference environments. When multiuser encoding and decoding is feasible, results are obtained both for downstream and upstream transmission. For downstream transmission, a worst-case throughput (sum rate) is obtained from the Nash equilibrium of a strictly-competitive game. In upstream transmission, a general weighted sum-rate is similarly considered. Partial uniqueness properties of the Nash equilibria of each game are developed.

Regulation of Copper Homeostasis by the X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein

Brady, Graham F University of Michigan 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Mammalian inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins were identified as homologs of a baculovirus IAP and were originally thought to function as direct inhibitors of death-inducing proteases known as caspases. More recent work has demonstrated that, in fact, most IAPs are incapable of caspase inhibition, and many IAPs perform essential cellular functions unrelated to apoptosis. IAPs have been shown to play important caspase-independent roles in such diverse cellular processes as receptor-mediated signaling, cytokinesis, innate immunity, and copper metabolism. Recently, X-linked IAP (XIAP) was found to play a regulatory role in copper homeostasis. Copper is an essential transition metal whose ability to exchange electrons is harnessed by many intracellular and extracellular copper-dependent enzymes to facilitate oxidation-reduction reactions in such processes as peptide amidation, mitochondrial respiration, and dismutation of superoxide. However, this ability of copper to participate in redox reactions makes it highly toxic because it can generate reactive oxygen species and directly oxidize proteins and DNA. For this reason, an elaborate system of transporters and chaperone proteins has evolved to deliver copper to copper-dependent proteins while not allowing free copper to accumulate and damage the cell. Given the excess copper-buffering capacity of the cytosolic environment, we hypothesized that a copper chaperone might be required to deliver copper to XIAP. As copper trafficking pathways are highly conserved evolutionarily, we performed a targeted genetic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify candidate proteins involved in delivering copper to XIAP. Through this genetic screen, we identified the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS) as a mediator of copper delivery to XIAP in both yeast and mammalian cells. We also found that XIAP and CCS physically interact in human cells, and that XIAP induced ubiquitination of CCS. Interestingly, XIAP-mediated ubiquitination of CCS did not seem to target CCS for proteasomal degradation. Instead, we found that ubiquitination of CCS by XIAP was an activating event, enhancing the ability of CCS to deliver copper to its physiologic target copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Collectively, our results provide valuable insights into mechanisms of regulation of intracellular copper homeostasis and redox metabolism through the XIAP-CCS complex.

Developing a support model for high needs schools

Brady, Harold S University of Delaware 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

The focus of this Executive Leadership Paper (EPP) is to address the academic performance of the high needs schools within the School District of Philadelphia (SDP). High needs schools have been a long standing focus of districts. Districts and schools are continuously looking for the "silver bullet" to attack low student performance. This EPP identifies the best practices in reading, mathematics, interventions and professional development. It also presents a model of support for high needs schools based on the research reviewed and the best practices identified.

Transnational conversions: Greek Catholic migrants and Russky Orthodox conversion movements in Austria-Hungary, Russia, and the Americas (1890--1914)

Brady, Joel University of Pittsburgh 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

Beginning in the 1890s, communities of migrants from Austria-Hungary, living and laboring in the United States, converted from one form of Eastern Christianity, known as Greek Catholicism, to another, called Russky (or Russian) Orthodoxy. In doing so, they also underwent ethnic, national, and racial conversions as "Rusyns," "Russians," "Ukrainians," "Hungarians," "Slavs," and "Whites." Soon, migrants also began converting en masse in Canada, Brazil, and Argentina. Ultimately, the conversions, likely numbering 100,000 by 1914, spread to migrants' villages of origin in the Austro-Hungarian regions of Galicia and Subcarpathia, through remigrations and correspondence. For twenty-five years, conversion and counter-conversion movements in each of these regions interacted with and mutually influenced one another, in the context of transnational migration. As a consequence of these transnational conversions, a great war broke out, and not only in a metaphorical sense. For in addition to the protracted, heated, and periodically violent battles erupting between converts and opponents of conversion in all affected regions, these multi-continental ethnoreligious shifts also cast sparks, which contributed substantially to the outburst of that great global conflagration, beginning in September 1914, called World War I. Diplomatic tensions arose as statesmen at the highest governmental levels in Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany, as well as the major Great Power presses, vied with one another to define the conversions: either as Russian political machinations among "Ruthenians," justifying future annexation of Austro-Hungarian territories inhabited by presumed "Russians"---identifiable by Orthodox religion---or as mere religious movements among Russia's innocent, co-national expatriates, persecuted by the Austro-Hungarian regime. The same statesmen in July 1914 engaged in diplomatic hostilities surrounding Serbia, but the preceding years, months, and weeks, devoted to the issue of converting Greek Catholics, had helped set the stage for the July Crisis. Because the "East European" conversions resulted primarily through transatlantic migration, this study argues for the "American" origins of the Great War. In its simplest, most reductive, and unqualified form, it suggests that, because a migrant coal miner in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania decided to attend a different church one day, World War I happened.

Consumer credit growth and the efficacy of monetary policy

Brady, Ryan Robert University of California, Davis 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Does the growth of consumer credit matter for monetary policy? While typically tighter credit conditions during recessions make households sensitive to policy fluctuations, regulatory changes have expanded the supply of credit and improved market access for households. My dissertation investigates how structural change in consumer credit markets, and the resulting growth of consumer credit, has affected the propagation and transmission of monetary policy. Addressing this issue is important for understanding how the Federal Reserve affects aggregate demand and, hence, controls inflation. Overall, I demonstrate that deregulation of consumer credit markets has weakened the transmission mechanism of monetary policy and dampened the propagation of its effects. I show that, (1) monetary policy has less of an effect over the flow of consumer credit; (2) that households can smooth consumption more effectively; and (3) that households are not liquidity-constrained and credit card borrowing offsets the effects of contractionary monetary policy. For the Federal Reserve, these three pieces of evidence imply that a policy change will have a smaller effect on short-run expenditure than before the growth of consumer credit. I present these findings in three chapters. In the first chapter, using panel data on consumer and credit card loans from U.S. commercial banks, I measure the effect of monetary policy on the supply of consumer loans from 1972 through 2003. The data suggests that as consumer credit markets have expanded, monetary policy's influence over the flow of credit has weakened. In the second chapter, I analyze consumption data to test whether, following regulatory changes in consumer credit markets, households smooth consumption. If households smooth consumption, monetary policy will have little effect over short-run spending. The data is consistent with consumption smoothing. In chapter 4, I examine the relationship between credit card borrowing, liquidity and monetary policy. I show with data on credit card balances and the unused portion of credit card lines (credit card liquidity) that households are not constrained in obtaining credit and that credit card borrowing offsets the effects of contractionary monetary policy in the short-run.