사회비교 동기와 충족수준이 비교대상의 선택과 정서에 미치는 영향 = Effects of social comparison motive and fulfillment level upon choice of comparison target and emotion

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this paaper was to investigate the effects of social comparison on the choice of comparison target, experience of emotion, subjective well-being, health perception and depression. Hypotheses derived from self-regulation theory of social comparison process ( Hahn, D. W., 1999 ; Hahn, D. W. & Jang, E. Y., 2003 ) were tested. In two experiments, the effects of goal-setting of social comparison and success/failure experience of social comparison upon the choice comparison target and experience of emotion were tested. In addition, the effects of social comparison motive and fulfillment level upon subjective well-being, health perception and depression were investigated in two surveys about healthe and clinical psychology.
According to the social comparison theory proposed by Festinger(1954), people chose someone close to one's own ability or opinion in the absenct of objective standards. In the downward comparison theory, Wills(1981) propoced that people chose someone inferior to themselves in the case of experiencing the threat to one's favorite self-image. Since then many studies have been carried out and found out the factors affecting the choices of social comparison target.
Previously some results were replicated, while others were not. The results consistently replicated were as follows. When success was experienced and perceived control or perceived attainability was high, upward comparison was most frequently chosen, whreras when failure was experienced and perceived control or perceived attainability was low, downward comparison was most frequently chosen. When uncertainty was experienced, lateral comparison was most frequently chosen. However, the results about the consequences of social comparison were not consistently replicated. Moreover, the theoretical framework which can explain the mental process connecting those factors and the choices of social comparison target is insufficient.
On the basis of seof-regulation theory of social comparison process, this paaper aimed to 1) examine if the theory explained the results of previous studies consistently and 2) test the hypotheses about the choices of social comparison target and experience of emotion. Especially, the emotions were divided into two types. One was the emotion that experienced by normal persons temporaily and the other was that experienced by depressive disordered patients. Six studies were carried to test the hypotheses derived from the self-regulation theory of social comparison process. The purpose and results of each study are summarized below.
Study I was to develop the scale of social comparidon motives which were produced by goal-setting and commitment for social comparison. This scale was used to test the mediational effects of social comparison motives in the choice of comparison target and experience of emotion. The self-regulation theory of social comparison motives. Therefore, the scale of fulfillment level of social comparison motives was developed as well. To develop these scales, 363 students from three regional areas in Korea responded to questionaire which was consisted of fifteen items of social comparison motived, fifteen items of fulfillment level of social comparison motives and eleven items of INCOM ( Gibbons & Buunk, 1999 ). A explanatory factor analysis of social comparison motives yielded three dimensions consisted of five items of self-development, five items of self-evaluation and five items of self-enhancement. In confirmatory factor analysis, the structure of three dimensions of social comparison motives was fitted. A explanatory factor analysis of fulfillment of social comparison motives yielded three dimensions consisted of four items of fulfillment level of self-development, four items of fulfillment level of self-evaluation and four items of fulfillment level of self-enhancement. In confirmatory factor analysis, the structure of three dimensions of fulfillment level of social comparison motives was fitted. With the purpose of developing the scale of general social comparison motive, seven items of INCOM were validated with explanatory factor analysis. In confimatory factor analysis, the structure of one dimensio of general social comparison motive was fitted.
Study 2 was to develop the scale of emotions which were experienced by social comparison. To develop the scale of emotions which were experienced by social comparision. To develop these scales, 275 students responded to one of four types of questionnaires comparison target ( upward/downward ) and comparison result ( sucess/failure ) were factorially combined to make four types of questionnaires. Participants were asked to thik one person after descriptions in the questionnaires, and then to rate their current experience level of each 147 emotion with seven-point Likert scales. A explanatory factor analysis of 147 emotions resulted in positive emotions resulted in positive emotions scale composed of three factors ; delightfulness, superiority and relief. In confirmatory factor analysis, three dimensions of positive emotion were fitted. Negative emotion scale was composed of six factors : confusion, depression, anger, inferiority, pity and anxiety. In confirmatory factor analysis, six dimensions of positive emotion were fitted.
Study 3 was to test the hypotheses about the choice of comparison target derived from self-regulation theory of social comparison process in an experiment. A 2(Social comparison goal : self-pronotion/self-enhancement) × 2(comparison target : upward/downward) × 2(comparison result : sucess/failure) complete factorial desigh was used. Dependent measure was the choice of comparison target among three types of person, which were upward comparison target, lateral comparison target, and downward comparison target. 120 college students were randomly assigned to one of 8 experimental conditions. The main hypotheses were confirmed. The results are as follows : 1) More upward social comparison targets were chosen in the self-promotion goal condition than in the self-enhancement goal condition, 2) more downward social comparisonn targets were chosen in the self-enhancement goal condition than in the self-promotion goal condition, 3) More upward social comparison targets were chosen in the self-promotion goal/upward comparison/sucess result condition than in the self-promotion goal/downward comparison/sucess result condition, and 4) More downward social comparison targets were chosen in the self-inhancement goal/sucess result condition.
Study 4 was to test the hypotheses about experience of emotion in an experiment. A (Social comparison goal : self-promotion/self-enhancement) × 2(comparison target : upward/downward) × 2(comparison result : success/failure) complete factorial design was used. Dependent measure was experience level of four types of emotion. 120 college students were randomly assigned to one of 8 experimental conditions. The main hypotheses were confirmed. The results are as follows : 1) experience level of elightfulness was higher in the self-promotion goal/upward comparison/sucess result condition than in the self-enhancement goal/upward comparison/sucess result condition, 2) experience level of inferiority was higher in the self-promotion goal/upward comparison/sucess result condition than in the self-enhancement goal/upward comparison/failure result condition, 3) experience level of relief was higher in the ownward comparison/sucess result condition than in the upward comparison/sucess result condition, and 4) experience level of depression was higher in the self-enhancement goal/downward comparison/failure result condition than in the self-promotion goal/downward comparison/failure result condition.
Study 5 was to test the effects of social comparison motives, fulfillment level of social comparison motives, and forced social comparison on subjective well-being and health perception. The main hypotheses were confirmed. The results are as follows : 1 ) a two way interaction effect of self-enhancement motive and forced social comparison on the somatic symptoms was significant, and 2) a three-way interaction effect of self-enhancement motive, fulfillment level of self-enhancement motive, and forced social comparison on emotional subjective well-being was significant. The two way interaction showed that the higher self-enhancement motive and forced social comparison were, the higher perceptual level of somatic symptoms was. The three way interaction showed that the higher self-enhancement motive and forced social comparison were and the lower the fulfillment level of self-enhancement motive was, the lower emotional subjective well-being was and the higher perceptual level of headache symptom was.
Study 6 was to test the expanded hypothesis about depression which can be diagnosed as a mental disorder. Eighty normal adults and eighty depressive disorder patients responded to survey. The main hypotheses about the effects of social comparison motives, fulfillment level of social comparison motives, and forced social comparison on stata depression and subjective well-being were confirmed. The results are as follows : 1) Self-enhancement motive of depressive disorder patients was higher than that of normal adults, and 3) two-way interaction effects of self-enhancement motive and group ( normal adult preson/depressive disorder patients) on state depression and subjective well-being were also significant. The two-way interaction effects showed that in depressive disorder patients, the higher self-enhancement motive was, the higher state depression was and the lower subjective well-being was. But in normal adults, self-enhancement motive did not affect state depression and subjective well-being.
The results of this paper suggest that the choice of comparison, experience of emotion, subjective well-being, health perception and depression are affected by social comparison motive and fulfillment level, as were proposed in the self-regulation theory of social comparison process. The main results support the self-regulation theory of social comparison process in terms of social psychology. The results also explain the effects of social comparison on subjective well-being, health perception and perceptual level of somatic symptoms in terms of health psychology and the effects of social comparison on depressive disorder in terms of clinical psychology. In addition, the self-regulation process of social comparison can be utilized in prevention, intervention and therapy of depressive disorder. Finally the implications and limitations of this study were discussed, and the topics to be investigated in the further study were mentioned.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차 = i
• 표 차례 = vi
• 그림 차례 = x
• 논문 개요 = xi
• 제 1 장 서론 = 1
• 제 1 절 연구 배경 = 4
• 제 2 절 사회비교에 관한 이론들 = 4
• 1. 사회비교이론 = 4
• 2. 하향비교이론 = 7
• 3. 사회비교의 자기조절 과정이론 = 10
• 제 3 절 사회비교 동기 = 13
• 제 4 절 비교대상의 선택 = 16
• 1. 사회비교 목표의 개입 수준이 비교대상의 선택에 미치는 효과를 다룬 선행 연구들 = 16
• 2. 사회비교의 목표설정이 비교대상의 선택에 미치는 효과 = 25
• 3. 사회비교가 비교대상의 선택에 미치는 효과에 대한 가설(주효과) = 29
• 제 5 절 사회비교가 비교대상의 선택에 미치는 영향 = 31
• 1. 사회비교가 비교대상의 선택에 미치는 효과에 대한 가설(상호작용 효과) = 31
• 제 6 절 사회비교가 정서경험에 미치는 영향 = 34
• 1. 사회비교 후 경험하는 정서에 대한 선행 연구들 = 34
• 2. 사회비교 후 자기평가에 대한 선행 연구들 = 41
• 3. 사회비교가 정서경험에 미치는 효과에 대한 가설 = 45
• 제 7 절 사회비교가 주관안녕과 건강지각에 미치는 영향 = 48
• 1. 사회비교가 건강지각에 미치는 영향에 대한 선행연구들 = 48
• 2. 사회비교가 주관안녕에 미치는 영향에 대한 선행연구들 = 50
• 3. 사회비교가 주관안녕과 건강지각에 미치는 효과에 대한 가설 = 52
• 제 8 절 사회비교가 상태우울과 주관안녕에 미치는 영향 = 56
• 1. 사회비교가 우울에 미치는 효과에 대한 선행연구들 = 56
• 2. 사회비교가 상태우울과 주관안녕에 미치는 효과에 대한 가설 = 57
• 제 9 절 본 연구의 목적 = 60
• 1. 선행 연구의 제한점 및 본 연구의 내용 = 60
• 2. 본 연구에서 다룰 세부 연구들의 목적 = 64
• 제 2 장 연구 1: 사회비교 동기 및 충족 척도의 개발(조사Ⅰ) = 67
• 제 1 절 연구 목적 = 67
• 제 2 절 연구 방법 = 67
• 1. 조사 대상 = 67
• 2. 조사 방법 = 67
• 3. 질문지 구성 = 68
• 4. 분석 방법 = 69
• 제 3 절 결과 = 69
• 1. 사회비교 동기의 문항분석 = 69
• 2. 비교동기 충족수준의 문항분석 = 71
• 3. 전반적 사회비교 동기 척도의 문항분석 = 72
• 4. 준거관련 타당화: 분노경험과 주관안녕의 설명 = 74
• 제 4 절 논의 = 76
• 제 3 장 연구 2: 사회비교 과정에서 경험하는 정서 척도의 개발(조사Ⅱ) = 78
• 제 1 절 연구 목적 = 78
• 제 2 절 연구 방법 = 78
• 1. 조사 대상 = 78
• 2. 조사 방법 = 79
• 3. 정서 질문지 구성 = 79
• 4. 절차 = 79
• 5. 분석 방법 = 79
• 제 3 절 결과 = 80
• 1. 정적 정서 문항분석 = 80
• 2. 부적 정서 문항분석 = 82
• 3. 비교대상 및 비교결과에 따른 정서경험 = 84
• 제 4 절 논의 = 87
• 제 4 장 연구 3: 사회비교의 목표, 대상 및 결과가 비교대상의 선택에 미치는 영향(실험Ⅰ) = 90
• 제 1 절 연구 목적 = 90
• 제 2 절 연구 방법 = 93
• 1. 실험설계 = 93
• 2. 참가자 = 93
• 3. 과제 = 93
• 4. 실험 절차 = 94
• 5. 독립변인 조작 = 95
• 6. 종속측정치 = 96
• 7. 부가적 측정치: 비교동기 충족수준 = 97
• 제 3 절 결과 = 97
• 1. 독립변인 조작효과 = 97
• 2. 사회비교 대상의 선택 빈도 분석 = 99
• 3. 비교동기 충족수준 변량분석 = 102
• 4. 매개분석 결과 = 104
• 제 4 절 논의 = 106
• 제 5 장 연구 4: 사회비교의 목표, 대상 및 결과가 정서경험에 미치는 영향(실험Ⅱ) = 109
• 제 1 절 연구 목적 = 109
• 제 2 절 연구 방법 = 111
• 1. 실험설계 = 111
• 2. 참가자 = 112
• 3. 과제 = 112
• 4. 실험 절차 = 112
• 5. 독립변인 조작 = 112
• 6. 종속측정치 = 114
• 7. 부가적 측정치: 비교동기 충족수준 = 114
• 제 3 절 결과 = 115
• 1. 독립변인 조작효과 = 115
• 2. 정서 측정치 문항분석 = 117
• 3. 정서별 변량분석 = 117
• 4. 비교동기 충족수준 = 127
• 5. 매개분석 결과 = 129
• 제 4 절 논의 = 131
• 제 6 장 연구 5: 사회비교 동기, 비교동기의 충족수준 및 강요된 사회비교 경험이 주관안녕과 건강지각에 미치는 영향(조사Ⅲ) = 135
• 제 1 절 연구 목적 = 135
• 제 2 절 연구 방법 = 137
• 1. 조사 대상 = 137
• 2. 조사 방법 = 137
• 3. 질문지 구성 = 137
• 4. 분석 방법 = 139
• 제 3 절 결과 = 139
• 1. 구성개념별 탐색적 요인분석과 신뢰도 분석 = 139
• 2. 구성개념별 확인적 요인분석 = 145
• 3. 사회비교 동기, 충족수준, 강요된 사회비교 경험 및 과거 신체질병 수준이 준거변인에 미치는 영향 = 146
• 제 4 절 논의 = 161
• 제 7 장 연구 6: 우울증환자의 사회비교 경험- 사회비교 동기, 비교동기의 충족수준, 강요된 사회비교 경험의 특징(조사Ⅳ) = 166
• 제 1 절 연구 목적 = 166
• 제 2 절 연구 방법 = 168
• 1. 조사 대상 = 168
• 2. 조사 방법 = 169
• 3. 질문지 구성 = 170
• 4. 분석 방법 = 171
• 제 3 절 결과 = 172
• 1. 구성개념별 탐색적 요인분석과 신뢰도 분석 = 172
• 2. 구성개념별 확인적 요인분석 = 177
• 3. 주요 변인들에서 두 집단의 평균 비교 = 178
• 4. 각 변인간 단순상관관계 = 180
• 5. 사회비교 경험이 상태우울과 주관안녕에 미치는 영향 = 183
• 6. 매개분석 결과 = 190
• 7. 우울 수준이 높은 정상인 자료의 분석 = 193
• 제 4 절 논의 = 200
• 제 8 장 종합 논의 = 204
• 제 1 절 본 연구의 가설들에 관한 종합 논의 = 204
• 1. 지지된 가설들을 중심으로 요약한 결과 = 204
• 2. 기각된 가설들을 중심으로 요약한 결과 = 207
• 제 2 절 기존 연구들과 비교 = 211
• 1. 사회비교 동기를 다룬 기존 연구들과 비교 = 212
• 2. 사회비교 후 정서경험에 대한 기존 연구들과 비교 = 213
• 3. 비교대상의 선택과 정서경험에 관한 기존 연구들과 비교 = 213
• 제 3 절 본 연구의 시사점, 제한점 및 장래 연구의 과제 = 218
• 1. 본 연구의 시사점 = 218
• 2. 본 연구의 제한점과 장래 연구의 과제 = 219
• 참고문헌 = 222
• 부록 = 232
• Abstract = 257