麗順事件과 李承晩 反共體制의 구축 = Yosun Revolt and the Building of Anti-Communism System by President Rhe

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This aims to analyze the contents of anti-communism system made by President Rhee on the occasion of Yosun Revolt, which occurred in October 19, 1948. Yosun Revolt took place in the army two months later only after Rhee's government had launched. And it brought a serious crisis to Rhee's government, because local communist groups participated in the revolt. Having been surprised by this uprising, Rhee put it down by virtue of the U. S. Army and began to build anti-communist system. Until now Yosun Revolt has been regarded as a mere violent uprising caused by communists, who had antipathy against Rhee's government. Thus most scholars have underestimated or omitted the historical facts involved in the revolt like people's voluntary participation in it or civilian massacre performed by the police or the army.
The chapter one focuses on the outbreak of the revolt and the activities of People's Committee. Initially Yosun Revolt was brought out by the lower sergeants of the 14th regiment of the National Guard, which was staying in Yosu(麗水). More exactly, cell members, who did not accept an order to suppress a uprising in Cheju and were under the influence of Chi Chang-su(池昌洙), led this revolt. However, neither its leaders had close contact with South Korea Labor Party(南朝鮮勞動黨) nor previous throughout plan.
But the uprising led by the 14th regiment spread very quickly. The revolt army took over Yosu and Sunchon only one day after the outbreak of the revolt and its tide was very fast to penetrate into eastern areas of Chonnam including Kwangyang, Kurye and Bosung.
The uprisings in Yosu and Sunchon(順天) developed into a mass movement through participation of local communists and young students. Now, mass associations like South Korea Labor Party took their activities in public instead of underground activities. People's Committee(人民委員會), which had been reorganized then, distributed grains to people and made a purge of pro-japanese ones and policemen. Students participated in the fight and supported the uprising army, and girl students and women also served as volunteers to feed it. On the other hand, employee self-government committee was organized in some factories and its members took over their factory. It is worthy to note that mass uprisings in Yosu and Sunchon meant a complete denial of the legitimacy of South Korea government. We could find an important thing from the fact that the execution of rightists or policemen in those areas, where the uprising occurred, reflected an antagonistic feeling of the failure of cleaning up of pro-japanese men or the failure of establishment of unified government.
The second chapter deals with the suppression of the revolt and civilian massacre occurred in this process. In fact, Yosun Revolt was an isolated movement, which took place in the eastern part of Chonnam. All the army except one in charge of the 38 Degree line defense took part in the suppression of the uprising. The loyal army reoccupied Sunchon in Ocotober 23 and Yosu in October 27. The whole forces, including the army, the navy and the air forces, participated in the suppression operation and downtown of Yosu was destroyed completely by a fire derived from mortar attack. The officers, who were former Japanese and Manchurian soldiers, played a prominent role in this operation.
In addition, Provisional Military Advisory Group in Korea supplied weapons and gave operation orders. Although it was not involved in the suppression operation directly, the U. S. army dispatched military advisors to the Korean army, directed operation and evaluated the results of the fight.
The suppression army and the police scrutinized the people who were believed to have helped the uprising army and executed the suspected instantly or took them over a military trial. The government proclaimed also martial law in Yosu and Sunchon and performed a total destruction operation. Thus even it regarded the people in this area as the enemy. In this context, the suppression army executed civilian massacre in Yosu and Sunchon. It also executed instantly anyone, who was suspected to have supported the rebel army. For example, although they were not communists, Hwang Doo-yeon(黃斗淵), representative of national assembly, Park Chan-gil(朴贊吉), prosecutor, and Song Uk(宋郁), President of Yosu middle school for girls were killed by the government army or barely escaped death. The suppression army even argued that some girl students attended the fight with guns, although it was not true. It killed many inhabitants of Yosu and Sunchon much more than the uprising army of 14th regiment and the local communists.
Chapter three examined Rhee's aggressive policy of anti-communist ideology and the building of it. Having put Yosun Revolt down, Rhee's government began to make an anti-communism system. The police was able to punish any communist on the basis of national security law(國家保安法), who was to suspected to have any 'intention' to impede security. In other words, the national security law was 'the martial law of ordinary life'. Owing to it, jails were filled with the offenders of national security law throughout the country in 1949.
The number of policemen, who had been a target of angry people in the Yosun revolt, increased. The military army was reborn into an anti-communism organization in pursuing a loyalty program to execute red-purge, which is to uproot communists. The military army became a strong organization, which was loyal to anti-communist ideology, through the program. Rhee's government founded student organization for national security(學徒護國團) as semi-military association and incorporated several rightist youth associations into Daehan young men's group(大韓靑年團), and established Kukminban(國民班) and neighborhood association(留宿屆) to control people.
Rhee also put very emphasis on propaganda of anti-communism ideology to criticise communist as anti-nationalist and anti-human being as well. Rhee's government spread the rumor that communist groups had killed many innocent people in the Yosun riot. Writers and the religious composed the works in which communists were described as beast or devil, and the presses circulated anti-communism propaganda massively.
The aim of Rhee's propaganda policy concerning it was to make people regard communist as enemy and eventually to remove them from the category of the nation.
Yosun revolt, in which local communist and students took part, showed how Rhee's legitimacy was fragile. However, Rhee used it as another opportunity to build anti-communism system, and tried to make South Koreans become strong anti-communist people. In brief, anti-communism system had been consolidated legally or institutionally within South Korea herself before Korean War and Korean War gave South Koreans a very important experience to internalize anti-communism system itself.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구 목적과 용어 = 1
• 2. 기존연구에 대한 검토와 자료 = 9
• 제1장 여순사건의 발발과 인민위원회 활동 = 15
• 1. 해방전후 전남 동부지역의 사회운동 = 15
• 2. 제14연대의 창설과 남로당의 군사정책 = 32
• (1) 제14연대 창설과 군경 충돌 = 32
• (2) 남로당의 군부 침투 = 43
• 3. 군인 봉기와 지방좌익세력의 참여 = 50
• (1) 제14연대의 봉기 = 50
• (2) 인민위원회의 활동과 봉기 확산 = 72
• 제2장 봉기의 진압과 민간인 학살 = 102
• 1. 군·경의 합동 진압작전 = 102
• (1) 초기 대응과 순천 탈환작전 = 102
• (2) 여수 삼군합동 진압작전 = 122
• (3) 미군의 개입 = 133
• 2. 민간인 협력자 색출과 학살 = 146
• (1) 협력자 색출 과정과 즉결처분 = 146
• (2) 군법회의를 통한 처형 = 162
• (3) 공산주의자로 명명하기 : 황두연·박찬길·송욱의 경우 = 170
• (4) 인명·재산 피해와 부흥계획의 실패 = 184
• 제3장 이승만정권의 반공 공세와 반공체제의 구축 = 198
• 1. 이승만정권의 반공 공세 = 198
• (1) 김구세력에 대한 견제 = 198
• (2) 공산당 음모로서의 여순사건 = 206
• (3)‘여학생 부대’의 신화 = 213
• (4) 반공 국민의 형성 = 224
• 1) 언론을 통한 여순사건의 재현 = 224
• 2) 문인·종교사회단체의 반공담론 = 243
• 2. 이승만 반공억압체제의 구축 = 259
• (1) 계엄령 발포 = 259
• (2) 국가보안법의 제정 = 269
• (3) 반공사회의 재조직화 = 285
• 결론 = 305
• 참고 문헌 = 311
• 부록 : 麗順事件 日誌 = 327
• Abstract = 333