漢語"主觀量"的表達硏究 : On the Expression of Subjective Quantity in Chinese

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Strictly speaking, alt utterances have subjectivity and those without speaker's attitude, emotion and viewpoint don't exist. When subjectivity is expressed in the category of quantity, it becomes the concept of"subjective quantity". Every language has its ways to express subjective quantity and Chinese is no exception. This dissertation aims to study the various ways to express subjective quantity and their regulations in Chinese in a systematic way. While focusing on Chinese, it also takes some of the examples from English, Korean and Japanese into consideration.
The whole dissertation consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 demonstrates the relationship between subjective quantity and subjectivity in general. It also analyzes the differences and connections between subjective quantity and objective quantity. What's more, such concepts as "referential quantity", "expected quantity", and "view point" which are closely related to the definition of subjective quantity are explained in this chapter. At the same time, it emphasizes that subjective quantity is a matter of degree.
Chapters 2 to 5 discuss the various ways to express subjective quantity in Chinese. Chapter 2 studies the phonetic means of expressing subjective quantity, focusing on the description and explanation of such means as stress, rime variation, tone variation, vowel aperture, vowel duration and diminutive suffixes. The chapter also explores"sound symbolism"and the relationship between subjective quantity and emotion. Chapter 3 examines the lexical means of expressing subjective quantity. It offers a rather systematic summary and explanation of the various lexical items of expressing subjective quantity through several basic pairs of spatial concepts like "reach", "not pass", "pass", "not reach"and"continuity". The cognitive and pragmatic motivations that govern these lexical means are examined in the chapter, too. Chapter 4 is about the means of using word order to express subjective quantity. Since the past research in this respect is fragmentary and unsystematic, this chapter makes an attempt to remedy the situation.
Chapters 2, 3 and 4 also examines the phenomena of asymmetry in subjective quantity and summarize them by means of a unified"markedness theory". Chapter 5 presents a discussion of the various kinds of reduplication as a means of expressing subjective quantity. Based on the previous studies. it provides a more comprehensive description and places particular emphasis on some disputable problems like whether the reduplicating forms show the upper degree or the lower degree as well as issues regarding linguistic iconicity. Chapter 6 is about mood particles including those positioned at the end of sentences and modal adverbs. In particular, it examines and explains the differences and similarities of some modal adverbs from the perspective of grammaticalization. Sentence patterns are also an important means of expressing subjective quantity. Though they aren't dealt with in a separate chapter, the discussion of relevant sentence or phrase patterns can be found throughout the whole dissertation, because this kind of discussion can not be separated from the discussion of other means.
The last chapter (chapter 7) is the conclusion, making some suggestions for future research on the topic under investigation.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目錄 = iv
• 第一章 客觀量與主觀量 = 1
• 1.1 語言中的量范疇 = 1
• 1.2 語言的主觀性和主觀化 = 3
• 1.3 主觀性和主觀化是個程度問題 = 7
• 1.4 主觀量 = 10
• 1.4.1 硏究主觀量的意義 = 10
• 1.4.2 主觀量的表達 = 12
• 1.4.3 主觀量與客觀量的關係 = 16
• 1.4.4 參照量, 期待量, 視角 = 18
• 1.5 以往的硏究和本文的광架 = 20
• 1.5.1 陳小荷(1994, 1997)的硏究 = 20
• 1.5.2 李宇明(1997, 1999a, 1999b, 2000a)的硏究 = 20
• 1.5.3 本文的광架和做法 = 22
• 第二章 主觀量表達的語音手段 = 23
• 2.1 語音與主觀量 = 23
• 2.2 主觀量表達的語音手段 = 23
• 2.2.1 輕重音 = 23
• 2.2.2 變音 = 26
• 2.2.3 元音開口度大小 = 33
• 2.2.4 長短音 = 37
• 2.3 "freep是-화幼小的frope"-語音表達的象似性 = 38
• 2.3.1 語言的象似性(iconicity) = 38
• 2.3.2 主觀量和語音象徵 = 39
• 2.3.3 幾화可能的解釋 = 44
• 2.4 小稱語綴再探 = 46
• 2.4.1 客觀小稱與主觀小稱 = 46
• 2.4.2 小稱後綴"人" = 47
• 2.4.3 "子" = 51
• 2.5 主觀量和情感義 = 53
• 2.5.1 主觀小稱與親?義 = 53
• 2.5.2 主觀小稱與輕蔑義 = 55
• 2.6 小結 = 57
• 第三章 主觀量表達的詞匯手段
• 3.1 肯定/否定與主觀量 = 58
• 3.2 "達到"和"不過" = 60
• 3.2.1 作爲空間槪念的"達到"和"不過" = 60
• 3.2.2 其他語言里的"達到"和"不過" = 63
• 3.2.3 表示"達到"的詞語 = 65
• 3.2.4 表示"不過"的詞語 = 85
• 3.3 "接近" = 92
• 3.3.1 "接近"槪念與主觀大量 = 92
• 3.3.2 表示"接近"的詞語 = 93
• 3.4 "超過"和"不到" = 101
• 3.4.1 "超過""不到"與"達到""不過"之間的邏輯關係 = 101
• 3.4.2 "超過""不到"與主觀量 = 101
• 3.4.3 表示"超過"與"不到"的詞語 = 104
• 3.5 "連續" = 109
• 3.5.1 "連續"表示主觀大量 = 109
• 3.5.2 "連續"槪念表主觀大量的原因 = 111
• 3.6 "語義協同"和"語義應變" = 112
• 3.6.1 語義協同 = 112
• 3.6.2 語義應變 = 115
• 3.7 "肯定"與"否定"表主觀量的解釋 = 116
• 3.7.1 量軸的單向性 = 116
• 3.7.2 否定的語用特性 = 119
• 第四章 主觀量表達的語序手段
• 4.1 語序的變化引起主觀量的變化 = 121
• 4.2 語序的顚倒引起主觀量大小的顚倒 = 121
• 4.2.1 "就"和"才" = 121
• 4.2.2 "都" = 122
• 4.2.3 "구" = 123
• 4.2.4 "不過" = 124
• 4.2.5 "還" = 125
• 4.2.6 數量與否定詞的語序顚倒 = 127
• 4.3 語序的改變引起主觀性程度的變化 = 129
• 4.3.1 名詞與數量的語序顚倒 = 129
• 4.3.2 時段詞和"過去了"的語序 = 132
• 4.3.3 "整整, 足足, 滿滿"的位置 = 133
• 4.3.4 動賓句和"把"字句 = 134
• 4.4 語序和凸顯 = 136
• 第五章 主觀量表達的"復疊"手段 = 138
• 5.1 各個層面的"復疊"現象 = 138
• 5.2 重疊和主觀量 = 138
• 5.2.1 體詞重疊式表主觀量 = 139
• 5.2.2 動詞重疊式表主觀量 = 140
• 5.2.3 形容詞重疊式表主觀量 = 147
• 5.3 重復 = 149
• 5.3.1 完全重復 = 149
• 5.3.2 部分重復 = 149
• 5.4 性質形容詞重疊式表小問題再探 = 152
• 5.4.1 旣表大又表小 = 152
• 5.4.2 生動說 = 153
• 5.4.3 測試結果和分析 = 154
• 5.5 重復格式 = 158
• 5.5.1 "N就是N" = 158
• 5.5.2 "P就P(파)" = 159
• 5.5.3 "P又P" = 160
• 5.5.4 "V_(1)着V_(1)着……V_(2)" = 161
• 5.5.5 "除了A還是A" = 162
• 5.5.6 重動句 = 163
• 第六章 語氣詞和主觀量
• 6.1 表示主觀量的語氣 = 165
• 6.2 句末語氣詞 = 166
• 6.2.1 "파", "?", "나" = 166
• 6.2.2 "了""□" = 168
• 6.2.3 "?", "?" = 168
• 6.2.4 "而已", "罷了", "就是了" = 171
• 6.2.5 "唄" = 172
• 6.3 語氣副詞 = 173
• 6.3.1 "還" = 173
• 6.3.2 "連……也/都" = 177
• 6.3.3 "可" = 180
• 6.3.4 "就", "才" = 181
• 6.3.5 "又"與"也" = 184
• 6.4 句子的語氣類型與主觀量 = 188
• 第七章 結語
• 7.1 本文的主要特點和成績 = 194
• 7.2 硏究的不足和有待深入硏究的問題 = 197
• 參考文獻 = 199