영한 번역에서 문화적 어휘에 대한 유표적 번역 연구 = (A) Study on 'Marked Translation' of Cultural Expressions

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to find what causes shift in content and expression of the Source Language(SL) in translating cultural expressions and find useful tools to evaluate 'marked translation'. Marked translation is a type of translation that causes shift, with regard of binary opposition, in content and expression of the SL in translation to the Target Language(TL). It is mainly caused by the lack of equivalent words in the' TL for cultural words. An effective strategy is required for culturally dependent translation and a tool to inspect the translated results. The problem, however, is that SL shift is inevitable because of cultural and lexical voids between SL and TL. Until now, there has been no effective method for evaluating 'marked translation'.
Marked translation occurs when a ST has a binary opposition structure. One of the best examples is The McDonaldization of Society, a book which abounds in cultural words and idioms 'Paradigmatic analysis' is used to uncover implied meanings in the SL, and 'markedness theory' to compare meaning between the SL and TL. As a result, three translation types were found; unmarked translation, marked translation and indifferent translation. All were used to maintain 'coherence' of an ST in its TL. 'Unmarked translation' is a literal translation: the meaning from the SL is exactly retained in the TL. In 'marked translation', the content and expression of the SL is shifted in the TL. In the 'indifferent translation', the SL's meaning is extended or decreased in the TL, while coherence of the ST is maintained in the TT. This study focuses on the analysis of the marked translation.
The more the translator focuses on the natural flow of context of the ST, the more the content and expression of the SL is changed. In this case, the translator deeply depends on the context of the ST, and tries to make equivalents between the SL and TL in spite of possible SL moaning loss. The TL is reproduced in accordance with the context of the ST just as the translator intends. Translators need to carefully weigh strength and weakness of this type of translation because the foremost important thing in translation is to maintain the writer's intended effects upon readers.
The strategy of marked translation was studied by analyzing how 46 randomly chosen cultural words, which have no cultural equivalents in the TL, are translated. Most of the words are of 'local color' such as food or brand names, which are often untranslatable. Even though there are many translation strategies available for cultural expressions, many content and expression of the SL are often shifted in cultural substitution. Thus, cultural substitution is a marked translation strategy. It's helpful in translating unequivalent words and ensuring better equivalent effects. But cultural substitution is easy to be regarded mistake in translation. In this case, the role and authority of translator is important.
Two methods for evaluating marked translation are recommended: one is to survey the response of both SL and the TL receptors to the cultural word; and the other is 'componential analysis (CA)', which is used to analyze contrasting and shared features of the source and the target languages. Component analysis is a useful tool for translating cultural words as suggested by Newmark and Nida, and it is also helpful in evaluating translated results. Here the focus is on the latter, because most communicative translation are done solely relying on the translator's linguistic intuition. As such, they are often not very systematic or accurate. CA, however, is a much more systematic method, because it helps to get the whole features of the SL and the TL a glance. More importantly, CA is used to verify the validity of the marked translation and to evaluate translated results. Further studies on CA are needed to enhance the appropriateness, accuracy and objectivity of translating.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• 1. 서론 = 1
• 1.1 연구의 필요성과 목적 = 1
• 1.2 연구 방법 및 대상 = 6
• 2. 번역의 기호학적 이론 고찰 = 11
• 2.1 양항대립구조와 유표성이론 = 11
• 2.2 기호학적 체계인 양항성과 비대칭성 = 15
• 2.3 상징(기호)의 불변성과 가변성 = 17
• 3. 통합적 번역 이론 = 19
• 3.1 문화번역 = 19
• 3.1.1 문화번역(cultural translation)의 정의 = 19
• 3.1.2 문화 번역 불가능성에 대한 논의 = 22
• 3.1.3 등가의 효과를 높이기 위한 번역전략 = 27
• 3.1.4 번역가의 역할 = 34
• 3.2 성분분석 = 36
• 3.2.1 번역학에서 사용되는 성분분석의 정의 및 유형 = 37
• 3.2.2. 성분분석을 활용한 번역과 연구방안 = 44
• 4. 문화적 어휘에 대한 '유표적 번역' = 48
• 4.1 유표적 번역의 원인분석 = 48
• 4.1.1 양항대립구조에 따른 번역의 유형 분류 = 48
• 4.1.2 맥락에 따른 내용 및 표현의 변환 = 94
• 4.2 유표적 번역의 원인에 따른 번역전략 = 116
• 4.2.1 문화적 등가어의 부재에 따른 의사소통적 번역 = 116
• 4.3 유표적 번역의 분석 및 검증기제 = 161
• 4.3.1 함축적 의미에 대한 수신자의 반응분석 = 161
• 4.3.2 성분분석을 이용한 유표적 번역 분석 = 171
• 5. 결론 = 191
• 참고문헌 = 195
• Abstract = 200