Hypertension has been known to be a direct cause of the cerebro-vascular disease which is one of the three main causes of death in Korea.
Hypertension prevalence rate of Korea adult is 10.8 percent. Thus hypertension becomes one of important health ...
Hypertension has been known to be a direct cause of the cerebro-vascular disease which is one of the three main causes of death in Korea.
Hypertension prevalence rate of Korea adult is 10.8 percent. Thus hypertension becomes one of important health problems.
The rate of essential hypertension reaches up to 90 percent of all hypertension. The exact cause of essential hypertension is unknown, but generally essential hypertension is considered to be caused by interaction of heredity and environment.
Our lives are affected by interactions of internal and external environment. Accordingly in order to maintain homeostasis, we must adapt ourselves to new environment. A change of environment causes stress response in the body. When the stress is beyond one’s endurance or it continues long, it causes mental and physical disease. A lot of disease including the essential hypertension belong to stress disease, and it is presumed that the blood pressure rises when the stress increase the tonus of the sympathetic nerve system.
A number of medicine substances for the essential hypertension have been developed. However, their uses have been restricted due to the unfavorable side effects and high prices. Therefore, the behavioral therapy that is a sort of non-pharmacological therapy aroused the patient’s interest in treating the essential hypertension. Especially, the stress management as a self regulation training method is used to reduce blood pressure by decreasing the activity of sympathetic nerve system.
Since the stress management was introduced from Europe, we don’t have any self regulation training method congenial to our disposition devised to reduce boold pressure.
In view of this fact, I am particularly concerned for the Dan Jeon breathing method peculiar to Korean people so that the client with the essential hypertension could control his/her blood pressure.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Dan Jeon breathing method and to suggest that the method is an effective nursing intervention to reduce the blood pressure.
The Dan Jeon breathing method was devised through referring to Sundry Records on Conventional Regimen. And it was reconstructed for the essential hypertension in the present form mainly on the basis of Whal-In-Shim-Bang written by Lee Whang, the method of which was devised to utilize the regimen in every day life.
The Dan Jeon breathing method is composed of thirty-minute program including Dan Jeon breathing, a kind of abdominal-deep breathing, free gymnastics, mental concentration, physical strenth exercise, and suggestion.
The Dan Jeon breathing method was applied to clients with the essential hypertension and its result was evaluated.
The Quasi-experimental design was used in this study. In order to evaluate the devised the Dan Jeon breathing method, the non-synchronized research method with non-equivalent control group was employed. Research subjects were forty five clients in their forties and fifties, who lived in Song pa-ku, Seoul. Some of them had the past history of the essential hypertension and the other people selected by screening test were confirmed to have the essential hypertension by medical internalist.
The mean value of blood pressure of subjects who have never taken the anti-hypertensive drug belonged to mild hypertension (systollic beood pessure below 160mmHg, diastolic blood pressure between 90mmHg and 104 mmHg).
Based on sex and age, ther were divided into three group: control group (control groupⅠ), BP self monitoring group (control groupⅡ), and Dan Jeon breathing method trainig group (experimental group).
Baseline blood pressure of all subjects was measured in sitting position four times for two weeks before treatment. And blood pressure of control group was measured two times a week for six weeks without treatment.
In BP monitoring group, their blood pressure was measured with a automatic blood pressure gauge for themselves two times a day and their records were kept at their own houses. And at the same time, the researchers measured their blood pressure two times a week for six weeks.
The Dan Jeon breathing method raining group had the training two times a week for six weeks and their blood pressure was measured before and after the training.
In addition to that, they did the Dan Jeon breathing method training following the instruction of the video tape one time a day at their houses.
After six weeks of the Dan Jeon breathing method training, each of the baseline blood pressure of three groups was compared with their own blood pressure after treatment. In addition to that, the degree of perceived stress of subjects before and after treatment was compared by the ten-centimeter visual analogue scale, and the serum cortisol and aldosterone levels of subjects before and after treatment were compared.
Data analysis was performed using SAS program. The Chi-square test and F-test were used to examine the homogeneity of subjects.
The repeated measures of ANOVA was used to compare baseline systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood of three groups.
The growth curve analysis by using regression was used to compare the blood pressure of three groups which is changing as time goes by. The one-way ANOVA was used to compare the levels of serum cortisol and aldosterone, and the scores of perceived stress of three groups before and after treatment.
The results of this study can be summarized as follows:
1) The blood pressure of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group was reduced as time goes by. When the training was finished, the systolic blood pressure was lower than the baseline blood pressure by 15.80mmHg (Y=-1.11x+147.78, P=.0001, R ²=0.89), and the diastolic blood pressure was lower than the baseline blood pressure by 10.91mmHg (Y=-0.85x+98.9, P=.0001, R²=0.96).
2) The score of perceived stress of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group after training was lower than that of other groups on the level of significance α=0.1 (F=2.51, P=.09).
3) The serum cortisol level of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group was reduced as compared with that of other groups (F=3.21, P=.05). But aldosterone level of the Dan Joen breathing method training group did not show any change.
The result proved that the Dan Jeon breathing method was an effective behavioral theraphy to reduce blood pressure of the clients with the essential hypertension from this study.
The Dan Jeon breathing method might be an effective nursing intervention device to protect the ego structure of the clients, to promote their well-being and to reconstruct them by setting mind and body at ease. The Dan Jeon breathing method can be used in clinic as well as in community as an independent nursing intervention. The Dan Jeon breathing method program might be considered t make a great contribution to adult care.