사동문과 피동문의 이해 및 표현 발달에 관한 연구

국문 초록 (Abstract)

사동문과 피동문은 행위자와 대상자에 대한 인식을 반영하는 것으로언어발달의 중요한 지표이다. 사동문과 피동문의 발달에 관한 선행연구에서는 5세 이전에는 사동문과 피동문을 혼돈하는 경향을 나타내며 7-11세에사동문과 피동문의 확립이 이루어진다고 보고하였다.
본 연구에서는 사동문과 피동문의 이해 및 표현능력에서 만 4-9세 아동들간의 (1) 발달적 차이, (2) 사동문과 피동문의 이해 및 표현의 발달순서,(3) 문법형태소별 발달적 차이 그리고 (4) 표현에서 나타나는 기타유형을살펴보았다. 본 연구의 대상은 서울이나 경기지역에 거주하는 생활연령이만 4-9세인 정상아동으로 각 연령별로 30명씩(남아 15명, 여아 15명), 모두180명을 대상으로 하였다.
본 연구에서 사용한 사동문의 이해 및 표현문항은 각각 20문항씩이고,피동문의 이해문항은 15문항이고, 표현문항은 16문항으로, 모두 71문항으로구성하였다. 연구에서 사용한 사동문과 피동문의 문법형태소는 사동문의 경우 ‘-이-, -히-, -리-, -기-, -우-’로 하였으며, 피동문의 경우 ‘-이-, -히-,-리-, -기-’로 하였다. 문항들은 현실적으로 가능한 사건들(probable events)과 반전가능한 문장(reversible sentence)으로 하였고, 문장의 동사는 관찰할수 있는 동작동사(action verbs)를 사용하였다.
사동문 및 피동문의 이해능력 검사에서는 한 문항당 4개의 그림을 제시하여 연구자의 질문에 따라 아동이 그림을 선택하도록 하였다. 표현능력검사에서는 연구자가 아동에게 그림을 보여주고 세 번의 기회를 주어 아동의 발화를 유도하였다.
자료평가시 사동문과 피동문의 표현문항에서 연령에 따른 발달적 차이는 적절성에 준거하여 평가하였으며, 연령에 따른 문법형태소 발달적 차이는 정확성에 준거하여 평가하였다. 또한 표현능력 평가시 검사자가 제시한 세 번의 절차에서 어느 절차에 대답하더라도 동일하게 점수를 부여하였으며 맞으면 1점, 틀리면 0점으로 처리하였다. 자료분석시 사동문과 피동문의 이해 및 표현능력의 연령별 발달적 차이 및 문법형태소별 차이는 분산분석(ANDVA) 및 평균값의 정반응율(%)로 검증하였고, 사동문과 피동문의 이해및 표현능력의 발달순서는 각 점수의 백분율(%)을 사용하였다.
본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같이 나타났다: (1) 연령에 따라 사동문과피동문의 이해 및 표현능력의 발달적 차이는 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 즉연령이 증가함에 따라 사동문과 피동문의 이해 및 표현점수는 증가하였다. 특히 사동문의 발달에서 표현능력이 이해능력보다 높게 나타났다. (2) 사동문과 피동문의 이해 및 표현능력의 연령별 발달패턴은 대체로 모든 연령에서 사동표현, 피동이해, 피동표현, 사동이해 순서로 나타났다. (3) 사동문과피동문의 이해 및 표현능력에서 문법형태소별 발달을 비교해 본 결과 사동문의 이해능력에서는 ‘우, 기, 히, 이 ,리’ 순서로 나타났고, 사동문 표현능력에서는 ‘우, 리, 이, 히, 기’ 순서로 나타났다. 또한 피동문 이해능력에서는‘리, 히, 기, 이’ 순서로 나타났으며, 피동문 표현능력에서는 ‘리, 히, 이, 기’순서로 나타났다. 따라서 사동문과 피동문 표현능력에서 가장 어려운 문법형태소는 ‘-기-’가 첨가되는 표현으로 나타났다. (4) 사동문과 피동문의 표현능력에서 기타유형을 분석해 본 결과 연령이 낮을수록 출현율이 높았으며, 연령이 증가할수록 기타유형의 출현율이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 사동문과 피동문의 이해 및 표현능력의 발달은 연령이 높아짐에 따라 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 그러므로 사동문과 피동문의 발달은 아동의 언어적인 발달을 살펴볼 수 있는 평가자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

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tempeh464699
In this paper we consider the generalized autoregressive models with conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) models. We will give conditions under which stationary ergodic and a functional central limit theorem can be shown for the corresponding model. We introduce two forms - RSCC model and i.i.d. coefficient model- of the GARCH model. At first, we consider the GARCH model as an random systems with complete connection (RSCC) and show the Rudolph's result and point out the error of his proof by counterexample. For i.i.d. case, it is known that a necessary and sufficient condition for existence of a strictly stationarity is the strict negativity of the top Lyapunov exponent. However, the Lyapunov conditions are very difficult to verify. We give the contraction condition under which GARCH process is strictly stationary ergodic and functional central limit theorem holds for every Lipschitzian map.
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tempeh464702
Discrimination methods are difference testing methods between stimulus sets in statistical view points, where data sets are often given in terms of multivariate data.
Recently, it has been shown, under many multivariate conditions, the probability of a correct response for discrimination tasks is not monotonically related to the Euclidean distance between the means of the populations from which the stimuli are drawn.
Ennis and Mullen (1986) treated the triangular method as a sort of discrimination method and Yu and Sung (1999) extended this research so as to investigate characteristics of the probability of a correct response for the triangular method based on the Euclidean distance.
We especially focus to characteristics of the probability of a correct response considering the case of unequal variances and correlated stimuli by performing Monte-Carlo simulation for the triangular method under the L₁distance as a distance metric. From the results, we observed the probability of a correct response based on the L₁ distance depends on dimensionality, the variance, correlation structure and the orientation of the stimulus sets.
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tempeh464703
For a vector autoregressive process, we propose a new estimator whose pivotal statistics has a standard normal limiting distribution for all range of autoregressive parameter. The proposed estimator has normality and efficiency. Using the estimator, a confidence interval of the autoregressive parameter is constructed.
A simulation for the first order vector autoregressions shows that the proposed confidence interval has a better empirical coverage probability compared with the confidence interval based on the ordinary least squares estimator.
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tempeh464705
The idea of Thurstonian modeling applied to various discrimination methods including the duo-trio method and the triangular method has been being reconsidered recently.
In this Thesis we extend the research by Ennis, Mullen, Dockner and Kapenga (1988) to compare performance between the duo-trio method and the triangular method in terms of the probability of correct response (PC) under the various conditions.
From the result of the Monte-Carlo simulation, we found that the PC of the duo-trio method is higher than that of the triangular method. Whereas, the triangular method is more sensitive than the duo-trio method to dimensionality, variances and correlation structure of the stimulus sets.
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tempeh548905
Kim Hong-do(1745-1806) was a talented court painter in diverse genres including folk paintings, true-view landscape paintings, paintings of Taoist and Buddhist figures, and even bird and flower paintings. However, studies on Kim Hong-do have so far been concentrated on only specific genres or centered around his biography. Thus, this thesis discusses and focuses specifically on Kim Hong-do's bird and flower paintings.
It can be assumed that the popularity of true-view landscape paintings and the preference of his patrons and friends have considerably contributed to the outcome of Kim Hong-do's bird and flower paintings. True-view landscape paintings which was influenced by the late Choson's popularity of the theories of the profound secrets of Nature(天機), became an important factor in the realistic aspects of Kim Hong-do's bird and flower paintings. King Chong-jo (正祖), Kang Se-hwang(姜世晃), scholarly middle class(呂巷文人), Paek-tap poetry groups(白塔詩派) who were the main demanders of Kim's works also seem to have had considerable influence over Kim's characteristic painting style under a traditional form.
Kim Hong-do's painting style seems to differ according to the size of the paintings and this seems to be due to the different demands. On big screens, as they were mostly used as decoration, the paintings depicted symbolic birds and flowers in traditional composition. However, small screens were mostly painted for appreciation and thus reflected Kim Hong-do's characterisitic painting style. Fan Paintings with birds and flowers often accompanied colophon poems, were executed in the scholar-literati manner. Thus those who used fans painted by Kim Hong-do must have come from a class of people who appreciated the paintings of the scholar-literati culture.
Kim Hong-do chose to compose his bird and flower paintings in a free manner unbound from tradition. Of his characteristic painting styles, the most noticeable point can be perceived as his detailed brushwork, and in his use of ink and color. Kim's brushwork was flexible and strained, and this brushwork did not drown his beautiful strokes. Thus, though strong ink spots were used as accents, soft strokes of light ink were successfully employed. In his use of color, instead of strong mineral colors Kim used light colors which harmonized well with ink.
Five characteristics can be derived from close analysis of Kim Hong-do's works. Firstly, Kim learned and accepted many different styles and recreated them into his own distinct characteristic. Secondly, movement can be perceived from the birds on his paintings. Thirdly, even in small screens we can see wide distances. In order to extend the atmosphere in the painting, Kim Hong-do employed various methods such as including birds flying out of the painting, or excluding delineating the near distance and described the view from the middle to the far distance, and at other times, painting views from high levels. Fourthly, some paintings, particularly those depicting magpies and nightingales, Kim depended on the use of hearing. Finally, Kim tried to express his works realistically.
There are not many extant bird and flower paintings by Kim Hong-do and among those which remain their authenticity remains to be resolved. However, this thesis discusses Kim's indisputable original works which brings about the discussion of repetitive works. Although there may be a limit in differentiating stylistic differences among a limited number of works, I believe this thesis sets out to introduce a foundation for a diverse and in depth study if his representational works. I hope that this may contribute to a better understanding of Kim Hong-do's painting world which has so far been prejudiced through the study of his bird and flower paintings.
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tempeh548906
This thesis is a feminist approach to the painting of Agnes Martin. Since the late nineteen fifties, Agnes Martin has been consistently making the reductive monochromatic paintings. According to the formalist appearance, Martin's work has been classified into Minimalist art. Many critics, however, appraised Martin as one of the most important abstract artists in the century by the fact of emotional touches in her restrained and sparse painting. There have not been serious researches regarding the specialties of Martin's painting beyond repeated and trite formalist analyses. Thus, this thesis is to investigate the inner differences of Martin's painting. I suggest that readers would hold any artistic judgement or art historical discourses on her painting for a while, especially some typical intimations through the title of 'the American Minimalist artist, Agnes Martin.'
Martin's painting could be summarized as monochromatic canvas of delicate pencil line grid. In the history of Western art, grid is a symbol of human reason and rationality. However, Martin wants to present intuitive emotion and inspiration with her grids. Martin realizes emotional expressions by the rational icon of grid, optical visions by haptic materiality, affirmative creativeness by blank canvas, and exalted artistic experiences by hard manual works. In Martin's painting, we could find that two opposite elements of Hegelian dichotomy co-exist parallel and reinforce each other.
Abstract art could be one of the most important events in the art history of 20th century. It has historical significance of the most advanced form of art. The history of abstract art, however, has been based upon hierarchical order between the advanced and the primitive. The hierarchy could be easily imposed upon the dichotomy of reason-emotion, culture-nature, male-female, and abstract-representation. It has have been the major premise for assuring masculine superiority in comparison with feminine inferiority. In other words, abstract art has been honest reflection of patriarchical culture of our society.
In the art history of 20th century, it is hard to find any artist who might use gird in order to express delicate emotions and calm reliefs of mind. Martin's way demonstrates that many elements excluded in the Modernist art history could be successfully recovered. Thus, we could really understand the power of Martin's art, just when we do not decide whether it is Modernist or Feminist. Through Martin's painting, we could see that Modernist art and Feminist art share wide overlaps between them, and they are not opposite poles separated afar.
This thesis has two aims re-reading the history of abstract art and re-appraising Martin's painting. Those approaches would make an opportunity to search out some horizontal spreadings of the Modernist art, which has reiterated vertical evolutions along unitary lane. The critical readings could suggest rich possibilities of diverse variations in Minimalist art, and also new understandings of Martin's painting that could be easily misread by established views of Modernist art history. Finally, the reconciliation between separate dichotomies could be a starting point toward constructing an other art history, in which plural elements could achieve co-prosperity, confronting the male dominance behind the logic of unity and neutrality in Modernism. Thus, this thesis could be the very beginning of picturing a new history of feminine abstract art as an alternative replacing the art history of Modernism, which saturated with masculine view.
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tempeh548907
This thesis explores the self-therapeutic aspects shown in the work of Jean-Pierre Raynaud(France, 1939 - ). Raynaud implies both concepts of object and architecture in his art, which was a leading trend of 1960's art movement that proclaimed to combine art and life. Raynaud, however is distinguished from these movements (Nouveau Realisme, Pop Art, Minimalism, and Earth Art) for he considered art as psychological reflections of his personal symbolization into subjects and colors. Therefore, Raynaud's art reflects his personal history and it motivates to heal him by artistic creation.
Therapeutic aspects of art were often found in ancient wall paintings and sculptures. This tradition has continued to show up in modern art in order to satisfy artists and viewers unconscious desires. Artists sometimes pretend themselves to be mad or insane for not finding an alternative way to express their unaccomplished desire in real life. They considered art making another source to relieve their desire and ultimately a healing process in a tolerable manner of the society.
Raynaud is a typical case of a latter example; his first step into the art world was caused by a personal background. When he was 4 years years old, his father was killed in World War II bombing raid, and Raynaud's childhood was marked by this early trauma. After all in 1961 when he was 22, this trauma pushes him into a nervous breakdown. However, Raynaud overcomes this state of mental disorder, which lasted for more than a year by creating self images as an immortal or repeated depiction of death in his objects. He used the standard commercial products but the basic element of his visual universe was death. This concept enables him to transform the fear of death into a catharsis. Raynaud, therefore is making art as a means of transcending the difficulties of his own personal history into his self healing process.
Raynaud's marriage life wasn't such a stable one either. His divorce from his wife in 1970 was another traumatic event that effects his art life. From then, Raynaud once again identifies the world as a dangerous and intolerable place. In order to protect himself from the outer world he changed his house into bunker like place where only himself could enter. The exterior of the house was closed and the interior covered with white square ceramic tiles. Raynaud considered this house as a laboratory, in which he could work and solve deeply personal problems. Square tiles answered the artist's need for perfection of form and provided with a material that lie could use to create a completely sterile onvironment. For him, the immobile serenity of the white tile synthesized all his dreams of the absolute.
Since 1975 Raynaud has turned his interests into an outer reality instead of his usual defensive attitude from it. It is due to an inspiration received from an experience making modern stained-glass windows for the Cistercian abbey at Noirlac. With this he could learn how to accept the outer world and accomplish what he wants by using exterior elements. Raynaud didn't take the exterior world just as it was but he proposed with a vision which could mediate between the outer world chaotic and filled with danger - and his own inner world in perfect order and intended the pure. This differentiation with the conventional outer world reflects his longing for the spiritual one. Interior of his house is filled with light like a Gothic church, transcended into a spiritual space, and the color of his pot changed from red to gold. His flowerpots were painted in gold and signified a sacred vase. Raynaud's attitude towards absolute spirituality reaches at. its zenith when lie begins to destroy his house in 1993. It represented that he takes the meaning of constructing the house more important than it's physical existence. In the same year, this concept of infinity was actualized when he suggested the golden pot to travel around the world by breaking down the cage which was covering the pot for a long time.
Moreover, working outdoors made it possible for Raynaud to accomplish a vision for another world. He displayed his work in a public place or in nature, and often combines natural and artificial elements into his work of art. Being set outdoors, his art is a representation of pure and spiritual value arranged to harmonize within natural and cultural atmosphere. That is why he uses white tiles not only on the inside of the work but also on the outside of it. Raynaud's suggestion therefore reflects his desire to purify his fear and instability relieved into an alternative world.
As a conclusion, Raynaud presented a self-therapeutic characteristic of art by visualizing his internal desire and fear in various artistic methods. The reason why this aspect of Raynaud lies as a crucial role is because it could combine his various styles into one explanation, which is 'art as healing.' 'this aspect therefore distinguishes Raynaud from all the other post 1960's art world with an original interpretation.
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tempeh548908
This thesis discusses the main themes of Hanyang Myung Seung paintings (漢陽名勝圖) and how the themes were visually formed in the late Chosun period. Hanyang Myung Seung paintings-meaning grand scenic places of Hanyang, can be varified in many different ways. However, this thesis focuses on the Mt. Book-ack (北岳山). In Wang(仁王山) area, which are the most well known places(勝景) of Hanyang for their grand scenery.
To understand the main themes of Hanyang Myung Seung paintings, the researcher first observed how the places had become quite well known for their beautiful scenery from the early Chosun period. These places of Hanyang may be considered in both 'place' and 'scenic' aspects for it was not a specific place that had been perceived as a peculiar scenery. For example Mt. Nam(南山) was famous for its sunrise(朝暾), signal fire(暮烽), misty rain(烟雨) and other various scenes. One of the grand scenes such as 'enjoying the moon(玩月)' was related to places like Checheonjeong(濟川亭), Sanglimwon(上林園), lake Dragon(龍湖), the Han river(漢江) and ChangAn(長安).
These places were usually places related to the court and government's daily life or a place for leisure, and sometimes they were places to hold welcoming receptions for foreign affairs. Poems like <The eight views of the new city (新都入景)>, <The ten views of Hanyang(漢陽十詠)>, <The eight views of Mt. Nam(南山入詠)> can be good examples of showing how these places were first noticed and how they had become a peculiar scenic place. In the poem <The eight views of the new capital(新都入景)>, the capital Hansung is regarded as an idealized world that is civilized, and in <The ten views of Hanyang(漢陽十詠)> poem it is recognized as an unearthly place whereas in <The eight views of Mt. Nam (南山入詠)> it represents the mundane life in contrast to Mt. Nam which was a symbol for hermit. Through these various views of the city, the grand scenic places had been formed.
On the other hand, the remaining references of landscape paintings based on its real- scenery(實景山水畵) before the late Chosun period can be divided into three parts according to their subjects which are: paintings of grand scenic places(名勝名所圖), paintings of villas(別墅幽居圖) and paintings drawing outdoor gatherings (野外雅集圖). Such classification can also be somewhat constant within the late Chosun period. Namely, paintings of the grand scenic places of Hanyang in the late Chosun period had followed the traditions of the real scenery-landscape paintings before the late Chosun period in its subjects. However, since these subjects of reflect a local tendency, the late Chosun paintings of the grand scenic places of Hanyang can again be classified into three parts: paintings of Doseong(都城圖), paintings of the surrounding mountains of Doseong(都城內山圖) and paintings of scenic places of the Han river. Followed by this grouping is another classification according to its specific subjects.
Paintings of Doseong are based on the entire scenery of the city seen from a bird eye view-as if it were observed from high above the mountains. Hanyanghyungseung painting created a more grand scenery and the painting of the city seen from high above(城市眺望圖) is an image of viewing ChangAn, which carries the meaning of seungyoo(勝遊). On the contrary, the paintings of the mountains surrounding Doseong are usually composed of common settings concentrating on the houses and pavilions which is a part of kakkyeong painting(名景圖) compositional forms. These paintings are less realistic to the natural subject but rather iconic trying to evoke the connoted meanings of the subject. Paintings of the houses(第宅圖) are usually done in a diagonal composition. Here, grand scenic places of the nature comes into the painting corresponding with the houses which eventually emphasize the scenery of the house. On the other hand, the pavilion paintings (樓亭圖) are composed in a center focused composition. The pavilion holds a peculiar meaning (聚勝樂道), and it gathers all the surrounding views into the pavilion.
Among the paintings of scenic places of the Han river, paintings of 'The ten scenes of Yangcheon' express contemplating view through its actual scene. The shapes of the landscape simply represented by its most unique characteristics has the effect of evoking the actual scene. To this, the composition and techniques based on the traditional landscape painting instill the lying-playing(臥遊) value into the painting. On the other hand, paintings of villas along the riverside(江邊別墅圖) tend to concentrate on bringing out the realism of the entire view unlike the paintings drawn to explain and record the scene in the early days. This can be regarded as another change in acual view-landscape paintings becoming paintings of appreciation.
The psychological perspective from its center focused composition and the usage of symbolic images, which is newly shown in these paintings of Hanyang Myung Seung in the late Chosun period, not only extends the paintings range to the level of appreciation but also plays an important role in bringing daily life scclery to become a theme in the history of painting. (Translated by Kim, Nayeon)
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tempeh549024
Interest in Data Mining has grown remarkably for the last several years. Especially, Neural Network was originally developed by researchers who tried to mimic the neurophysiology of the human brain. Neural Network has been used extensively in credit risk assessment, direct marketing and sales prediction etc.
In this paper, we describe the MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) among Neural network architectures and compare Multilayer Perceptron model with Regression models. We show the case Neural Network is overfitting and solve this problem by the stopped training process.
We have used the SAS Enterprise Miner package to analyze real data. The efficient result through analysis is shown.
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tempeh549025
In this paper, I intend to specify signal data suitably Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute(KORDI) measured for the purpose of see the crustal structure of the Ullelung Basin.
The eventual purpose is to correct the outliers involved in raw data and control the included noise except for signal data among the surveyed data. So, arrange the relevant references such as outlier diagnostics algorithm such as Ljung, Ledolter, Bruce & Martin, Lee J.S. and tried to look for method to be suitable.
Through the graph of data, I found aberrant observations. So it is necessary to recognize outliers and normalize data, delete and specify data in moving average method.
I wish to contribute to the precise crustal structure survey by correcting the data.
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tempeh549026
Data mining is a process of sampling, exploring, modification, modeling, and assessment for large amount of data to uncover previously unknown patterns of data for business advantage. By applying data mining techniques, companies can fully explore data. In practice, data mining has been around for a long time. but, the term, data mining, has only recently earned credibility within the business world for its abilities to control costs and contribute to revenue.
In this paper, we compare the efficiency and accuracy among data mining techniques regression, decision tree, and neural network. We have used the SAS Enterprise miner package to analyze and assess four real data sets. And we see different results for different data. We suggest that you should select the most adequate technique after deep observation and several repetitions.
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tempeh549027
Estimating a multiparameter which exists a dependancy has a complicated problems in classical statistic's method. Here if we apply a Bayesian statistical method, we can get a useful conclusion-although formula is very confused. This study, especially to do Meta analysis, explain Bayesian theory which apply to hierarchial model easily and efficiently than others.
Using a real data concerned smoking and cancer of the lung, we perform simulation parameters with the Accept-Reject method among Monte-Carlo method. Then we simulate other parameter with hierarchical relationship from simulated random number of parameter.
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tempeh549028
Recently many people use internet, and many things are performed through internet. So, I intend to design for time series analysis using JAVA programming laguage,because Java program can be performed in internet. This program helps that the novice to understand process of the outlier adjusting and practice the outlier adjusting. And this program introduce hot issue theory. I wish to help those who are interested in Java language and statistics.
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tempeh549029
Maternal serum screening program is now widely used in clinical field, using alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol and human chorionic gonadotropin for prenatal screening of Down syndrome.
The purpose of this research is to calculate a risk of fetal Down syndrome according to Korean maternal age and estimate the parameters in distributions of maternal serum markers from normal and Down syndrome fetuses in Korean pregnant women.
The effect by using this parameters estimated in detection of Down syndrome was investigated and new method was also proposed, estimating regressed median by multi-variate regression method using gestational week and maternal weight.
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tempeh549030
In this paper for many applications primary interest is focussed on predicting those cases with an extreme response rather than obtaining uniformly accurate predictions for a full range of cases.
We using multiple trees for predictors and multiple trees do not have the nice interpretability of single trees but they offers improvement over greedy tree predictors when the criterion is uniform accuracy.
In this paper we study ways of growing and combining multiple trees when the criteria is accuracy for extreme vaules.
Algorithms for combining multiple trees are Averaging, Best Nodes, Arcing, Arc-Averaging methods.
Morever, comparison for predictors using not mean square but relative hit rate.
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tempeh549031
A program is made for time series analysis on the web.
It is difficult a person to use statistical software and understand the complicated statistical theories. Otherwise internet is spread among the public thesedays. So I developed a program which is designed for analyzing time series on the web. I hope I can help a beginner to practice and understand the fundamental time series analysis.
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tempeh549032
Inference in the inequality constrained normal linear regression model is one of the most common tasks in applied economics. It is usually undertaken because the economic model restricts the signs of explanatory variables and the normal linear regression model is a very convinient statistical tool. This problem can be solved easily by bayesian solution. The bayesian approach to model selection use bayes factor. Bayes factor is used for comparison among the model and do not need density theory. Therefore it can be used easily when we do not know the true density function.
The numerical integration of bayes factor is very complicate but we can do that easily by montecarlo method usig computer simulation. In this paper, faortran 4.0 is used for programing language of example.
The present study is primarily concerned with exploring the development of causative and passive lexical grammatical morphemes. One hundred and eighty normal children aged 4-9 years participated in the study. Each of the production and comprehension of causative and passive sentence was tested with forty and thirty-two sentences, respectively. In the comprehension test, the subject was required to select one of four pictures, and in the production test, the subject was required to orally describe the picture. The results were analyzed with ANOVA, frequencies analysis. The following conclusions were obtained (1) significant differences were found between ages, (2) development patterns of causative and passive were found to be in the order of causative production, passive comprehension, passive production, and causative comprehension, (3) the most difficult grammatical morpheme in production of causative and passive was 'gi', (4) error types in the production of causative and passive were developed progressively in accordance with the increase of ages.
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tempeh549045
The purpose of the present study was to analyze the consonant perception and production in Korean by children with profound sensorineural hearing loss, and to inverstigate the relationships among the consonant perception, consonant production, and degree of the hearing loss. Twenty hearing-impaired (HI) children and twenty normal-hearing (NH) children, whose age ranged from 7 to 13 years, participated in the experiment. HI and NH children were matched in school grade and sex. All the subjects were given two tests: (1) the consonant perception test, in which each subject was to write down the recorded speech stimuli presented through the loud speaker in the free field, (2) the consonant production test, in which each subject was to read the printed speech stimuli. Seventy-five (25 X 3) nonsense syllables of the form of CV and VC, where each of the 25 consonants was combined with 3 vowels (/a/, /u/, /i/) were used as stimuli for each test. Twenty-five (18+7) consonants represent 18 consonants produced in the initial position of the syllable and 7 consonants produced in the final position of the syllable in Korean. HI children were tested with their hearing aids on. The results of the experiments were as follows: (1) HI children's perception scores of consonants were significantly lower than those of NH children's, (2) HI children's perception scores of consonants were significantly different with respect to the articulation places and articulation manners, but were not different with respect to the vowel contexts and positions of the syllables, (3) HI children's perception scores of articulation place features were significantly lower than those of articulatin manner features, (4) HI children's production scores of consonants were significantly lower than those of NH children's, (5) HI children's production scores of consonants were significantly different with respect to the vowel contexts, articulation places, and articulation manners, but were not different with respect to the positions of the syllables. (6) HI children's production scores of articulation place features were significantly higher than those of articulation manner features, (7) Pearson's Simple Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients showed that the correlations were not significant between any pairs of PTA, HI's perception scores of consonants, and production scores of consonants.
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tempeh549046
The present study investigated the frequencies of consonants in the conversational Korean of adult speakers. Fifty subjects (25 males and 25 females) participated in the study. Their conversations on 5 different everyday topics were recorded, each contributing 1,000 Korean syllables. The recorded data were transcribed in narrow phonettic transcription and were analyzed by two judges in terms of the following categories: (1) the frequencies of the 19 consonants occurring in both syllable-initial and syllable-final positions, (2) the frequencies of the 18 syllable-initial consonants, (3) the frequencies of the 7 syllablefinal consonants, and (4) the frequencies of phonological processes.
The major findings from the study can be summarized as follows: (1) the order of frequencies of the 10 consonants most frequent, in descending order, is /n k l t m □ s h □ p/, (2) the order of frequencies of the 10 consonants most frequent between vowels, in descending order, is /k n l t □ s h m p k'/, the order in terms of manners of articulation being plosives, fricatives, affricates, and liquids, and the order in terms of places of articulation being alveolars, velars, bilabials, palatals, and glottals, (3) the order of frequencies of the 7 syllable-final consonants, in descending order, is /n l □ m t k p/, and (4) the order of frequencies of the four most frequent phonological processes, in descending order, is found to be voicing, unreleasing of syllable-final plosives, retroflexion, tensification, and palatalization. In addition, no differences were found between males and females.
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tempeh549048
The purpose of the present study was to assess differences in diadochokinetic performances between children with normal and disordered articulation. Forty subjects participated in the study: a control group of twenty normal children and an experimental group of twenty children who were previously diagnosed as having functional articulatory disorders. Each subject was instructed to re

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• 논문개요 = viii
• I. 서론 = 1
• A. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 = 1
• B. 연구문제 = 5
• II. 이론적 배경 = 6
• A. 영어권 아동들의 사동문과 피동문의 발달에 관한 연구 = 7
• B. 우리나라 아동들의 사동문과 피동문 발달에 관한 연구 = 14
• III. 연구방법 = 17
• A. 연구대상 = 17
• B. 검사도구 = 18
• C. 연구절차 = 20
• D. 자료분석 = 24
• IV. 결과 = 25
• A. 연령별 사동문 및 피동문 발달의 차이 비교 = 25
• B. 연령별 사동문과 피동문의 이해 및 표현점수의 발달 순서 = 28
• C. 사동문과 피동문의 문법형태소별 분석 결과 = 30
• D. 연령 집단별 사동문과 피동문 표현의 기타유형 분석 = 40
• V. 논의 및 제언 = 43
• A. 결론 및 논의 = 43
• B. 연구의 제한점 및 제언 = 48
• 참고 문헌 = 50
• 부록 = 56