技術職 中人 身分 硏究 = A Study of Chungin(中人) in Choson(朝鮮)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This dissertation is a study of a sort of middle rank chungin who occupied technical posts in Choson. This study treated the process of the formation of chungin rank and the real facts of their passing the examination for Chapkwa(雜科) and Juhak(朱學).
The following issues were in details examined in this study. What was the social background in which chungin appeared? When was chungin rank formated? From what time do powerful chungin families begin to pass the examination for Chapkwa and Juhak? How many chung in had passed the examination during the late periods of Choson?
To solve these questions I made the family tree of 7,739 persons of passing the examination for Chapkwa and Juhak in Choson based on such family records as Sungwonrok(姓源錄). And I examined chungin families which produced the passers of the examination for Chapkwa and Juhak. I thought this sort of method was very useful to study chungin.
Based on the family tree which I made, I performed the works and concluded as follows. First, I classified the passers of the examination for Chapkwa and Juhak according to their ancestral home(本貫). While doing this work I filled up the missed contents and corrected the wrong records of such original documents as Chuhak-ipkyogan(籌學入格案) and Chapkwa-pangmok(雜科榜目). Second, there were many bastards born of Yangban among the passers of Chapkwa in the first half period of Choson. But of them there seemed to be no one legal son of Yangban and was only three of the descends of local functionaries, Hyangri(鄕吏).
Third, I looked into all chungin families as possible as I can that whether they were originated from the legal sons or the illegal sons of Yangban and ascertained that ten of them were belong to the latter. But there was no one chungin family originated from the legal son of Yangban. The formation of chungin who occupied technical posts was therefore derived from the facts that Choson government permitted the illegal sons of Yangban to rise to the position of technical posts and apply for the examination for Chapkwa.
Fourth, technicians chungin began to hold a position as a new rank in the second half seventeenth century. Their families produced many passers of examination for Chapkwa and Juhak at this time, and among them family to family marriages began to be popular from this time. Existing theories that chungin already held a fixed status in the late sixteenth century are wrong. But by the family tree it was confirmed that technicians chungin raised to the position of the technical posts in the second half seventeenth century at last.
Fifth, the popularization of Neo-Confucianism, Juzahak(朱子學) had an effect on the formation of the rank of chungin. But the enforcement of a kind of recommendation system, Wanchonje(完薦制), I think, was more important on it. Sixth, the members of the famous chungin families have more and more passed in the examination for Chapkwa and Juhak from the second half seventeenth century to the late eighteenth century. The trend corresponds to the circumstance that the powerful family of Yangban have more and more hold the high positions. At last the powerful chungin family nearly possessed the technical posts in the nineteenth century.
Seventh, The technicians chungin excluded not only other persons but also their own illegal sons from sharing in the position of the technical posts. I presume the proportion of which they passed the examination for Chapkwa and Juhak was more high than that of which the legal sons of Yanban passed the examination for Civil service, Munkwa(文科). They were strongly united together in the nineteenth century.
There still remain many problems about chungin who occupied the technical posts in spite of this study. How much contributions did they make for modernization of Choson? Did they make an affirmative role to develop Choson society? Or did they go against the development of the society? I promise to study these subjects later based on the family tree which I have made about for ten years.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• 序論 = 1
• 1. 연구 현황 = 1
• 2. 문제의 제기 = 6
• 3. 본고의 연구 목적·대상·방법·내용 = 10
• 제1장 연구대상검토-잡과및주학입격인원수정- = 20
• 1. 총 인원 = 20
• 2. 성관별 인원 = 27
• 3. 세기별 인원 = 30
• 4. 시혐별 역과·입격 인원 수정 = 38
• 제II장 기술직 중인의 형성 과정 = 50
• 1. 15세기 말~16세기 입격자의 신분 = 50
• 1) 先代에 문과 급제자가 있는 입격자 = 50
• 2) 신분이 확인 또는 추정되는 입격자 = 54
• 3)『璿源錄』에 수록된 기술관의 신분 = 59
• 4) 결혼 관계 = 60
• 5) 前資가 幼學, 學生인 입격자 = 62
• 2. 기술직 중인의 기원 = 78
• 1) 기원을 알게 된 기술직 중인 가계 = 78
• 2) 문과 급제자 가계와 갈라진 가계 = 91
• 3) 신분이 밝혀진 기술직 중인 先代 인물의 결혼 관계 = 95
• 4) 각 기술직 중인 가계 선대끼리의 결혼 관계 = 98
• 3. 기술직 증인의 형성 시기 및 요인 = 107
• 1) 주요 기술직 중인 가계의 잡과 및 주학 입격자 최초 배출 시기 = 107
• 2) 각 기술직 중인 가계의 잡과 입격 및 기술직 진출 世傳 시기 = 108
• 3) 牛峯峯氏 기술직 중인 가계의 결혼 관계 = 109
• 4) 양반 서자와 관련된 기술직 중인 신분 형성 시기 = 112
• 5) 『司馬植目』과 서울 北部戶籍의 기술관 = 115
• 6) 기술직 중인의 형성 요인 = 116
• 제III장 기술직 중인의 잡과 및 주학 입격 = 126
• 1. 유력 가계의 잡과 및 주학 입격 세기별 추이 = 126
• 1) 가계별 분류 방법, 자료, 과정, 기준 = 126
• 2) 가계별 분류 현황 = 131
• 3) 가계별 과목별 입격율 = 136
• 4) 가계별 입격율의 세기별 추이 = 138
• 2. 19세기 잡과 및 주학 입격자의 신분 = 149
• 1) 가계별 배출 현황 = 149
• 2) 각 가계의 최초 입격자 배출 시기 = 151
• 3) 새로운 신분의 입격 진출 여부 = 152
• 結論 = 171
• 參考文獻 = 181