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    노년층 인터넷 이용자의 기대가치 충족 연구

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T8546696

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    국문 초록 (Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    20세기 과학기술의 발달은 인류에게 '정보화 사회'와 '고령인구의 폭증'이라는 두 가지 혁명적 변화를 안겨주었다. 정보화사회가 기술 발달에 의해 나타난 직접적 변화라면, 인구의 고령화는 간접적 변화에 해당된다. 노년층은 학교에서 컴퓨터를 배울 기회가 없었고 직장에서도 컴퓨터를 익힐 수 있는 기회가 없거나 사용기간이 젊은 층에 비해 길지 않았다. 따라서 인터넷을 채택한 노인들은 개혁확산 이론의 '개혁의 채택자' 혹은 이용과 충족 이론에서 적시한 '능동적인 수용자'의 전형성을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 미디어 이용자로서의 노년층에 대한 이해를 넓히기 위하여 기대가치 모델의 추구되는 충족(GS)과 획득된 충족(GO) 개념과 개혁확산이론과 결정적 다수이론의 채택자 범주를 도입하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구문제는 다음과 같다.
    <연구문제 1> 노년층 인터넷 이용자들은 각 범주에 따라 어떠한 특성이 있는가?
    <연구문제 2> 노년층 인터넷 이용자들의 각 범주별 GS와 GO는 어떠한 상관관계가 있는가?
    <연구문제 3> 노년층 인터넷 이용자들의 각 범주별로 인터넷에 대해 GS와 GO간에는 어떠한 차이가 있는가?
    <연구문제 4> 노년층 인터넷 이용자들의 GS와 GO를 예측하는 주요변인은 무엇인가?
    연구결과, 한국의 노년층 인터넷 이용자들은 고학력, 고소득, 전문직 및 화이트 컬러이며, 서울과 수도권에 거주는 남성들이라는 공통된 특성을 지니고 있었다. 이들은 대외 지향적이며 향토 사회에 대한 관심도 많았다. 한국의 노년층 인터넷 이용자들의 인터넷 대한 충족개념은 GS와 GO로 각각 분리되었으며, GS와 GO의 상관관계는 1년 5개월∼5년의 기간 동안에 가장 밀접한 관련성을 보여주어 개혁성에 따른 GS와 GO의 순환성은 부분적으로 검증되었다. 이들의 GS와 GO에 공통적으로 영향을 미치는 변인은 과학기술 관심도, 뉴 미디어 채택률, 대외지향성, 지역사회 관심도, 인터넷 노출 빈도, 교육으로 분석되었다. 특히, 전체적으로 GO의 3개 하위요인의 회귀식에서 인터넷 노출빈도가 공통적으로 예측변인으로 나타나서 Palmgreen과 Rayburn(1984) 모델에서 제시한 대로 GS에서 미디어 노출을 거쳐 GO로 이어지는 선형적인 모델이 유효함을 입증해 주었다.

    번역하기

    20세기 과학기술의 발달은 인류에게 '정보화 사회'와 '고령인구의 폭증'이라는 두 가지 혁명적 변화를 안겨주었다. 정보화사회가 기술 발달에 의해 나타난 직접적 변화라면, 인구의 고령화는...

    20세기 과학기술의 발달은 인류에게 '정보화 사회'와 '고령인구의 폭증'이라는 두 가지 혁명적 변화를 안겨주었다. 정보화사회가 기술 발달에 의해 나타난 직접적 변화라면, 인구의 고령화는 간접적 변화에 해당된다. 노년층은 학교에서 컴퓨터를 배울 기회가 없었고 직장에서도 컴퓨터를 익힐 수 있는 기회가 없거나 사용기간이 젊은 층에 비해 길지 않았다. 따라서 인터넷을 채택한 노인들은 개혁확산 이론의 '개혁의 채택자' 혹은 이용과 충족 이론에서 적시한 '능동적인 수용자'의 전형성을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 미디어 이용자로서의 노년층에 대한 이해를 넓히기 위하여 기대가치 모델의 추구되는 충족(GS)과 획득된 충족(GO) 개념과 개혁확산이론과 결정적 다수이론의 채택자 범주를 도입하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구문제는 다음과 같다.
    <연구문제 1> 노년층 인터넷 이용자들은 각 범주에 따라 어떠한 특성이 있는가?
    <연구문제 2> 노년층 인터넷 이용자들의 각 범주별 GS와 GO는 어떠한 상관관계가 있는가?
    <연구문제 3> 노년층 인터넷 이용자들의 각 범주별로 인터넷에 대해 GS와 GO간에는 어떠한 차이가 있는가?
    <연구문제 4> 노년층 인터넷 이용자들의 GS와 GO를 예측하는 주요변인은 무엇인가?
    연구결과, 한국의 노년층 인터넷 이용자들은 고학력, 고소득, 전문직 및 화이트 컬러이며, 서울과 수도권에 거주는 남성들이라는 공통된 특성을 지니고 있었다. 이들은 대외 지향적이며 향토 사회에 대한 관심도 많았다. 한국의 노년층 인터넷 이용자들의 인터넷 대한 충족개념은 GS와 GO로 각각 분리되었으며, GS와 GO의 상관관계는 1년 5개월∼5년의 기간 동안에 가장 밀접한 관련성을 보여주어 개혁성에 따른 GS와 GO의 순환성은 부분적으로 검증되었다. 이들의 GS와 GO에 공통적으로 영향을 미치는 변인은 과학기술 관심도, 뉴 미디어 채택률, 대외지향성, 지역사회 관심도, 인터넷 노출 빈도, 교육으로 분석되었다. 특히, 전체적으로 GO의 3개 하위요인의 회귀식에서 인터넷 노출빈도가 공통적으로 예측변인으로 나타나서 Palmgreen과 Rayburn(1984) 모델에서 제시한 대로 GS에서 미디어 노출을 거쳐 GO로 이어지는 선형적인 모델이 유효함을 입증해 주었다.

    더보기

    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    For the young generation, who are familiar with the computer, the Internet is only one of many new media. But for the older generation, who need to study computers for a while before accessing the Internet, the Internet represents an innovation.
    However, elderly Internet users have not gotten enough attention as a research topic because they are not main users of the Internet and the numbers of elderly Internet users are smaller than the numbers of young Internet users. Therefore, this study aims to enhance understanding of the Internet use by elderly people in Korea.
    This study collected data from 336 people, older than 60 in Korea as a sample, using an online survey. This study applied to an expectancy-value model that pursues a concept of gratifications sought(GS) and a concept of gratification obtained(GO) in order to research the psychological aspects of elderly Internet users. The characteristics of new innovation adopters were analyzed on the basis of Rogers's diffusion of innovation theory and Markus's critical mass theory. For the purpose of this study four research questions were asked.
    <Research Question 1> What kind of a distinctive characteristics do elderly Internet users have according to each category?
    Each category is divided into 2.4%, 13.1%, 33.6%, 33.0%, and 17.9%: innovators (before 1990), early adopters (January 1991-May 1996), early majority (June 1996-January 1999), late majority (February 1999-June 2000), and laggards (July 2000-November 2001), according to Rogers's timely innovativeness in descending order of adoption time of the Internet. New media adoption, P개-technology, Internet user ability, and Internet exposure frequency can be explanation variables of the differences among groups as a result of discriminate analysis and post hoc tests.
    The elderly Internet users are classified into 4 groups: adopters with abundant resources and interests, adopters with abundant resources, adopters with interests, and simple adopters, according to Markus's heterogeneity of resources and interests. In consequences of crosstabs on the contrary of Rogers's assumption, adopters with abundant resources were not discovered in the innovators group. Thus, correlation between timely innovativeness and using the Internet for pursuing resources or interests is weak.
    <Research Question 2> What kind of correlation do elderly Internet users have between the GS and GO in each category?
    Palmgreen, Layburn, Lometti, etc. assumed that the GS and the GO have a strong relationship by reason of continuous circulation as time goes on. However, 10 types of insignificant correlation were found from the innovators group, early adopters group, and laggards group as a result of one-to-one correlation analysis of each GS and GO from 9 groups. The assumption of existing media research, which has insisted that GS and GO are strengthened by the accumulated use of media, was partially verified: Internet users who used the Internet for 1 year and 5 months to 5 years maximized the inseparables of GS and GO. But, correlation of each group did not find this among heterogeneous groups.
    <Research Question 3> What are differences between the GS of the Internet and the GO of the Internet in each category of elderly Internet users?
    Differences between GS and GO were examined by factor analysis and t-test from each group. Elderly Internet users put the Internet to media, which got information as well as entertainment/partner because the latest information/living information and entertainment/partner appeared in all 9 timely innovativeness and heterogeneous groups. Cyber transaction factor as well as the seeking of personal business factor were also extracted as factors of the GS or the GO from all groups except early majority and simple adopters. Among Internet users having great gratifications in the entertainment/partner factor, the analysis showed that seniors isolation from society and family had a strong relation with this factor. The late majority groups, who had high expectation of the latest information/living information and cyber transaction, formed a potential new silver market. The adopters with abundant interests will actively use the Internet in the future because they have various GS and GO among heterogeneous groups an d are satisfied with all factors of entertainment/partner, cyber transaction, and seeking personal business.
    <Research Question 4> what is the main variables in predicting the GS and GO of elderly Internet users?
    I executed multiple regression in order to examine the variables, which had an effect upon the GS and the GO. The result showed that new media adoption, Pro-technology, occupation, education, cosmopolitanism, and communality had an effect on the GS. Pro-technology, new media adoption, education, cosmopolitanism, communality, frequency of Internet exposure, and Internet user ability had an effect on the GO.
    It is concluded that elderly Internet users in Korea are well-educated people with high incomes in special occupations, or male business management staff and mainly live in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Their GS and GO have some correlations or differences through timely innovativeness and heterogeneity of resources and interests. Elderly Internet users are using the Internet for entertainment/partner, latest information/living information, seeking personal business, and cyber transactions and are mostly satisfied with the entertainment/partner function. Their GS and GO toward the Internet are affected by Pro-technology, new media adoption, occupation, education, cosmopolitanism, communality, Internet user ability, and Internet exposure frequency. Internet exposure frequency appeared the main influence variable in regression about GS, as the fan shape model was in effect following media exposure from GO through media exposure from the Palmgreen and Rayburn model(1984).
    But, this study cannot exclude the possibility that which were selected the only active adopters because voluntary respondents through the online survey were the subject of the study based on this. Therefore, I think generalizations based on this study require careful consideration.

    번역하기

    For the young generation, who are familiar with the computer, the Internet is only one of many new media. But for the older generation, who need to study computers for a while before accessing the Internet, the Internet represents an innovation. ...

    For the young generation, who are familiar with the computer, the Internet is only one of many new media. But for the older generation, who need to study computers for a while before accessing the Internet, the Internet represents an innovation.
    However, elderly Internet users have not gotten enough attention as a research topic because they are not main users of the Internet and the numbers of elderly Internet users are smaller than the numbers of young Internet users. Therefore, this study aims to enhance understanding of the Internet use by elderly people in Korea.
    This study collected data from 336 people, older than 60 in Korea as a sample, using an online survey. This study applied to an expectancy-value model that pursues a concept of gratifications sought(GS) and a concept of gratification obtained(GO) in order to research the psychological aspects of elderly Internet users. The characteristics of new innovation adopters were analyzed on the basis of Rogers's diffusion of innovation theory and Markus's critical mass theory. For the purpose of this study four research questions were asked.
    <Research Question 1> What kind of a distinctive characteristics do elderly Internet users have according to each category?
    Each category is divided into 2.4%, 13.1%, 33.6%, 33.0%, and 17.9%: innovators (before 1990), early adopters (January 1991-May 1996), early majority (June 1996-January 1999), late majority (February 1999-June 2000), and laggards (July 2000-November 2001), according to Rogers's timely innovativeness in descending order of adoption time of the Internet. New media adoption, P개-technology, Internet user ability, and Internet exposure frequency can be explanation variables of the differences among groups as a result of discriminate analysis and post hoc tests.
    The elderly Internet users are classified into 4 groups: adopters with abundant resources and interests, adopters with abundant resources, adopters with interests, and simple adopters, according to Markus's heterogeneity of resources and interests. In consequences of crosstabs on the contrary of Rogers's assumption, adopters with abundant resources were not discovered in the innovators group. Thus, correlation between timely innovativeness and using the Internet for pursuing resources or interests is weak.
    <Research Question 2> What kind of correlation do elderly Internet users have between the GS and GO in each category?
    Palmgreen, Layburn, Lometti, etc. assumed that the GS and the GO have a strong relationship by reason of continuous circulation as time goes on. However, 10 types of insignificant correlation were found from the innovators group, early adopters group, and laggards group as a result of one-to-one correlation analysis of each GS and GO from 9 groups. The assumption of existing media research, which has insisted that GS and GO are strengthened by the accumulated use of media, was partially verified: Internet users who used the Internet for 1 year and 5 months to 5 years maximized the inseparables of GS and GO. But, correlation of each group did not find this among heterogeneous groups.
    <Research Question 3> What are differences between the GS of the Internet and the GO of the Internet in each category of elderly Internet users?
    Differences between GS and GO were examined by factor analysis and t-test from each group. Elderly Internet users put the Internet to media, which got information as well as entertainment/partner because the latest information/living information and entertainment/partner appeared in all 9 timely innovativeness and heterogeneous groups. Cyber transaction factor as well as the seeking of personal business factor were also extracted as factors of the GS or the GO from all groups except early majority and simple adopters. Among Internet users having great gratifications in the entertainment/partner factor, the analysis showed that seniors isolation from society and family had a strong relation with this factor. The late majority groups, who had high expectation of the latest information/living information and cyber transaction, formed a potential new silver market. The adopters with abundant interests will actively use the Internet in the future because they have various GS and GO among heterogeneous groups an d are satisfied with all factors of entertainment/partner, cyber transaction, and seeking personal business.
    <Research Question 4> what is the main variables in predicting the GS and GO of elderly Internet users?
    I executed multiple regression in order to examine the variables, which had an effect upon the GS and the GO. The result showed that new media adoption, Pro-technology, occupation, education, cosmopolitanism, and communality had an effect on the GS. Pro-technology, new media adoption, education, cosmopolitanism, communality, frequency of Internet exposure, and Internet user ability had an effect on the GO.
    It is concluded that elderly Internet users in Korea are well-educated people with high incomes in special occupations, or male business management staff and mainly live in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Their GS and GO have some correlations or differences through timely innovativeness and heterogeneity of resources and interests. Elderly Internet users are using the Internet for entertainment/partner, latest information/living information, seeking personal business, and cyber transactions and are mostly satisfied with the entertainment/partner function. Their GS and GO toward the Internet are affected by Pro-technology, new media adoption, occupation, education, cosmopolitanism, communality, Internet user ability, and Internet exposure frequency. Internet exposure frequency appeared the main influence variable in regression about GS, as the fan shape model was in effect following media exposure from GO through media exposure from the Palmgreen and Rayburn model(1984).
    But, this study cannot exclude the possibility that which were selected the only active adopters because voluntary respondents through the online survey were the subject of the study based on this. Therefore, I think generalizations based on this study require careful consideration.

    더보기

    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • I. 서 론 = 1
    • 1. 문제 제기 = 1
    • 2. 연구목적 = 4
    • 3. 논문의 구성 = 6
    • II. 문헌고찰 = 7
    • I. 서 론 = 1
    • 1. 문제 제기 = 1
    • 2. 연구목적 = 4
    • 3. 논문의 구성 = 6
    • II. 문헌고찰 = 7
    • 1. 이론적 배경 = 7
    • 1) 기대가치 이론(expectancy-value theory) = 7
    • (1) 이용과 충족 이론에서의 충족 개념의 문제점 = 7
    • (2) 기대가치 이론의 충족 연구 = 8
    • (3) GS와 GO의 분리 = 12
    • (4) GS와 GO의 상관 관계 = 18
    • (5) 기대가치 이론의 채택자 속성 연구 = 22
    • 2) 채택자 유형에 관한 이론 = 25
    • (1) 개혁확산 이론(diffus ion of innovation theory) = 25
    • (2) 결정적 다수 이론(critical mas s theory) = 43
    • 2. 선행연구 = 53
    • 1) 노년층과 미디어 이용 = 53
    • (1) 노년의 개념 = 54
    • (2) 노년층의 미디어 이용 연구 = 57
    • III. 연구방법 = 66
    • 1. 연구문제 = 66
    • 2. 조작적 정의 및 측정방법 = 71
    • 1) 기대 가치 충족 요인 = 71
    • (1) GS(Gratifications Sought) = 71
    • (2) GO(Gratificat ions Obtained) = 72
    • 2) 채택자 범주 = 73
    • (1) 시간적 개혁성 = 73
    • (2) 이질성 = 73
    • 3) 미디어 이용 = 74
    • 4) 채택자 특성 = 76
    • 3. 설문지 구성 = 78
    • 4. 조사대상 및 표본 추출 = 78
    • 1) 조사 대상 선정 = 78
    • 2) 자료수집 방법 = 79
    • 5. 자료분석방법 = 80
    • IV. 연구결과 = 81
    • 1. 응답자 분포 = 81
    • 2. < 연구문제 1> 에 대한 결과 = 82
    • 1) 시간적 개혁성에 따른 이용자 범주별 특성 비교 = 83
    • 2) 이질성에 따른 채택자 분류 = 89
    • 3. < 연구문제 2> 에 대한 결과 = 92
    • 1) 시간적 개혁성 집단의 GS와 GO의 상관관계 = 93
    • 2) 이질성 집단의 GS와 GO의 상관관계 = 95
    • 4. < 연구문제 3> 에 대한 결과 = 97
    • 1) 시간적 개혁성에 따른 집단별 GS와 GO = 97
    • (1) 개혁자 집단 = 97
    • (2) 조기 채택자 집단 = 101
    • (3) 조기대다수 집단 = 105
    • (4) 후기 대다수 집단 = 109
    • (5) 비개혁자 집단 = 113
    • 2) 이질성에 따른 집단별 GS와 GO = 117
    • (1) 자원과 혜택이 많은 채택자 집단 = 117
    • (2) 자원이 많은 채택자 집단 = 122
    • (3) 혜택이 많은 채택자 집단 = 126
    • (4) 단순 채택자 집단 = 131
    • 5. < 연구문제 4>에 대한 결과 = 135
    • 1) GS = 138
    • (1) 첨단정보/ 생활정보 요인 = 138
    • (2) 오락/동반자 요인 = 140
    • (3) 개인업무 지향 요인 = 141
    • 2) GO = 143
    • (1) 첨단정보/ 생활정보 요인 = 143
    • (2) 오락/동반자 요인 = 145
    • (3) 개인업무 지향 요인 = 147
    • V. 결론 및 제언 = 149
    • 1. 요약 및 논의 = 149
    • 2. 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구를 위한 제안 = 154
    • 참고문헌 = 156
    • 설 문 지 = 168
    • 부 록 표 = 176
    • 영문초록 = 183
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