As the population all over the world ages, there are concerns regarding every issue of the elderly. There are indications in the literature that individuals in the oldest group experience increases in the number of limitations they face in the areas o...
As the population all over the world ages, there are concerns regarding every issue of the elderly. There are indications in the literature that individuals in the oldest group experience increases in the number of limitations they face in the areas of physical functioning, cognitive skills, and environmental influences. It is important to establish why it is that some elderly age successfully and are able to remain relatively independent on the face of increasing disabilities, while others are not so successful and require extensive intervention.
However, there is no consensus about which aspects of successful aging influence independence. Instead, researchers have interpreted successful aging in a variety of ways. Some of these include life satisfaction, morale, well-being, survival or physical functioning, wisdom, quality of life, and mental health. Researchers disagree on how to define successful aging.
The present study will attempt to define the concept and the criteria of successful aging. Previous approaches to the study of successful aging and its related themes mentioned above are reviewed with two perspectives, such as, psychological approach and sociological approach. In psychological approach, classic developmental theories and life-span developmental perspective.
According to some classic theorists, i. e., Jung, Erikson, Peck, adults need to carry out the psychological tasks of each stage of life in an emotionally healthy way. For Erikson, a sense of ego-integrity is the final achievement of late adulthood. Older adults need to evaluate, sum up, and accept their lives so as to accept the approach of death. During this stage, the wisdom may develop. It is an informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself. Wisdom means accepting the life one has lived, without major regrets: without dwelling on should-have-done or might-have-been.
One recent attempt to provide a theoretical model of adaptation is the selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model. This model proposes that, as people age, they will select activities and/or goals which are important to them, optimize related skills, and compensate for deficits in order to remain successful in the selected areas.
In sociological approach, activity theory and research on quality of life of elderly are reviewed. Activity theory, proposed in 1960s, states that maintenance of the attitudes and activities of middle age will lead to successful aging. People worldwide are determined to achieve economic prosperity. Economic growth is a policy imperative and an important individual motive in virtually all societies. Nevertheless, it is uncertain whether economic prosperity will enhance the quality of life. Most early uses of the term quality of life refer to well-being, conceptualized as either the objective conditions of living of an individual, as the persons experience of life, or as both. Contributions from psychology, economics, and sociology have helped the paradigm of quality of life to mature and the measurement of health-related quality of life has improved. Quality of life is ultimately subjective, many believe that objective indicators are at least equally important.
Through the review as above, a new definition of successful aging is made as following; continuous developmental processes to achieve wisdom or ego-integrity as task of late adulthood; without any major disabilities in both physical and mental functioning; keep psychological well-being; participate in positive relationships with significant others; and family values, i. e., global satisfaction with family interaction. Dimensions are as follows; 1) psychological development has self-concept, locus of control, and cognitive functioning, 2) social relationships have social contacts and family contacts, 3) physical health, and 4) mental health have illness, functioning, and self rated report.
This study has limitations, since all the previous researches and theories reviewed are western origin including the U. S.. Definition and dimensions here are more appropriate to the westerners, and another definition and criteria based on the broad review of Korean research will be established in the future study.