신명풀이로 본 판소리의 연행 방식 연구

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

1. Until now, aestetic characteristics of Korean literature were defined by such words as heung(흥), meut(멋), pungnyu(풍류), sinmyeong(신명), etc.

This dissertation examines the aestetic characteristics and thoughts of Pansori by focusing on sinmyeong-puri(신명풀이) which is an important aestetic element of people's performance art.

2. The performance for sinmyeong-puri can be widely found among Korean mask dance, shaman rituals, traditional music and so on. Its performance characteristics can be outlined by '5W 1H principle' below.

1) Generally, several people perform it. And the performers and audiences or spectators take positive part in it(who). 2) Related with agriculture, it is performed on holidays of cosmic becoming and change or other memmorial days(when). 3) It is practiced in public place, that is to say, house yard(where). 4) By using song, dance and music, sinmyeong-puri is carried out by physical performance(what). 5) It takes much of participants' voluntary, unconscious and frank attitude, and free style and reinterpretation of life. It also performed by such principles as tension and relax, cry and laughter, and tying and loosing. And most of the musical rhythm is practiced from slow to rapid. Its emotion is carried out of overcoming pessimistic feeling to optimistic feeling(how). 6) It is performed for the purpose of harmonizing three elements of human, nature and civilization, and recovering healthy living power(why).
Originally sinmyeong(神明) means the extreme ability of creative heaven and earth. In other words, sinmyeong implies the holiness of life. Such sinmyeong is not only the religious object of holiness but also the ethical standard in making the becoming goldenmean. Aesthetically it encourages and holy internal power of life, enjoys sharing the power and pursuits the aesthetic mind. This mind is represented in the form of closing and difussion of sinmyeong. The upper classes focused on the process of closing and the lower classes the process of difussion. Through the sinmyeong-puri as a aesthetic tool, the lower classes makes positive energy from the negative energy that is harmed in the absurd society so that they may show sound activities and mind.

3. Pansori is composed of related properties, 'pan(판)' and 'sori(소리)'. The 'pan' means 'yard' so pansori is composed of 'yard' and 'sound'.

The sound has the meaning in that 1) living human body(mom) performs the sound, that is, through the basic unit of living thing, mom, sinmyeong, which is the holiness of life, is diffused. 2) with a variety of sounds it represents various aspects of human emotion to diffuse sinmyeong. 3) in pursuiting variety, sinmyeong is diffused. 4) with making new deoneum(더늠), sinmyeong is diffused creatively. 5) in various ways sinmyeong is diffused.

Likewise, in pansori madang has an importance to perfomrmance. This madang affects the narrative styles of Pansori and transforms into 'enjoying property madangness of narrative style'. As a place in which heterogeneous spirits meet and interact positively, madang has an important meaning. In addition, 'yard' is the place where 'Daedong-nori(대동놀이)‘ is performed by maximizing the consensus of life toward a 'accompaning society'. When a clown sings chang(창) with respect to its imyeon(이면), drummers and audiences do 'arsim(알심)’, ‘bobiwi(보비위)' and ‘chuimsae(추임새)’ so that they altogether share a feeling and diffuse sinmyeong.

Pansori is the result of a proper fusion of 'performing properties' and 'narrativeness'. Especially 'singing styles' and 'playing styles' of performing arts have much influences on it. Music is useful for representing an emotional property. ‘urliko-utkiki(울리고 웃기기)’ of pansori is formed in the 'playing styles' and imyeon of a story from 'singing styles', which takes much of represeting various human emotions. And the 'playing styles' takes final part in Daedong-party(대동잔치) with the 'narrative styles'. This is related with an emotional sinmyeong-puri, which is diffused by making people laugh and cry, and this point is identical with the point when a sinmyeong-puri is maximized in finishing the narrative process of a pansori. This is one of the important, aesthestic and literal properties of pansori.

4. From old times, maeum(마음;心) has long been considered as a house of sinmyeong. Therefore sinmyeong-puri has much to do with mind activities, especially with human emotional things. When we consider the sinmyeong as a human nature, the core of sinmyeong -puri is a proper representation of human emotions(joy, anger, sorrow and pleasure) without gwabulgeup(過不及) with respect to aspects of human life. People have emotional anomie when they can't show their feeling freely and solving this emotional anomie is the emotional sinmyeong-puri of Pansori. Therefore in the emotional sinmyeong-puri of Pansori, traditionally, its aesthetic property, making people laugh or cry, is considered important. Through this 'puri', a pansori clown's ability to make people laugh or cry is an important scale of a great singer.

Maeum of Human mind, that is human emotion has two sides, optimistic and pessimistic side. Laughter and crying are physical things that these two emotions are realized on human body. In detail, laughter, the optimistic emotion, comes in the forms of joy and pleasure, and the pessimistic emotion comes in the forms of anger and sorrow. Among them, joy and pleasure are emotions related to satisfying appetite and sexual desire, respectively. To the contrary, with respect to non-satisfying, sorrow is the emotion reproaching oneself, and anger is the emotion reproaching others. Almost deoneums of 19th century's pansori have much to do with these emotions.

‘Urliko-utkiki(울리고 웃기기)’ in a pansori is performed in turn. In detail, there is seeds of sorrow in laughter and sorrow has seeds of laughter. So, one can be free from being tied to an emotion, create a sound and active sinmyeong and have a positive view of future. In the whole process of the performance, the emotion of sorrow is overcomed in the first half and transformed into the emotion of laughter in the latter half. Musically, laughter is represented in slow rhythm and gyemyeon-jo(계면조), and sorrow in fast rhythm and pyeong-jo or woo-jo(우조). By way of these musical things, emotional sinmyeong-puri is performed in which pessimism is sublimated into optimism and sorrow or laughter is realized.

5. Compared with other performance arts, pansori has a strong narrative property. Further, compared with other narratives, the styles of singing and playing are outstanding. Especially pansori can be called a narrative in the form of playing. The playing styles are repeated in the first half and transmitted into accompanying party later. Take 'Chunhyang-jeon' for example, several kinds of playing are repeated and, by 'eosachuldo', men and women and upper class and lower class are come together to show a accompanying party and complete a sinmyeong-puri.

The narrative methods mainly with these playing styles are different in the fist half and the latter half. In the first half, sorrowful crying styles are emphasized and in the latter half, pleasing and amusing styles are emphasized. The narratives are performed slowly in the first half, and rapidly in the latter half. And this reflects the playing property of pansori that comes slow in the first half and fast in the latter half. In the first half, one plays in a real world which is filed with conflicts and in the latter half, one plays in an ideal world in which the conflicts are solved. In the first half, heterogeneous narrative properties are reflected and mixed to play, in the latter half, through a accompanying party, a sinmyeong of a playing is diffused to maximize the pleasure of playing a sinmyeong-nori.

The heterogeneous narrative properties come in the various forms. Upper class language and lower class language, noble words and vulgar words interact to create a new world order. Heterogeneous characters, which come in the forms of the high and the mean, the rich and the poor, men and women, the young and the old, also interact and create human emotions. And in a accompanying party which pursuits the public good(大同善), a sinmyeong-puri are accompanied and completed. The latter part of a accompanying party is narrative. In the part, the conflicts between the heterogeneous characters are solved and emotional feeling of unity occurs and accompanying sinmyeong is achieved. When the heterogeneous properties disappear in the first half, a accompanying party is set up in the latter half.

6. Pansori can be considered a form of discourse which represents a self-identity in the net of power. In order to overcome the net of power, one can use a discourse as a strategy or tactics and this has a specific meaning in a contemporary background.

When we look into the aspects and uses of sinmyeong-puri, which makes a conflicting discourse into a solving discourse, in a context of conflict and a solution, the extreme strategy of a sinmyeong-puri is to destroy an absurd civilization and a power-oriented discourse by a life-oriented discourse for the purpose of unifying and solving the conflicts.

The world through this sinmyeong-puri process is, so-called, a enthusiastic world. An enthusiastic world is the place in which the extreme ability of life is realized in nature and civilization. With the life style that each puts aside self-interest and interacts to the activities of the whole life, the ideal world can be realized.

This social ideal of sinmyeong-puri is a cultural motive for the ideology for accompanying society, which comes later in people's religious movement like 'donghak(東學)‘ or the ideology of hucheon-gaebyeok(後天開闢).