韓國語와 英語 單純母音의 音響學的 分析 = Acoustic analysis of Korean and English simple vowels

국문 초록 (Abstract)

각 나라의 언어마다 비슷한 모음이 있어서 그 발음을 표시하는 기호는 동일한 기호를 쓰는 수가 많은데, 대체적으로 유사한 것 같으나 실제로 발음하는데는 상당한 차이가 있으며, 따라서 용이한 발음이 되지는 않는다. 이 논문에서는 국어를 모국어로 하는 한국인이 영어모음을 발음할 때의 문제점을 규명하기 위하여 국어의 단순모음 /i, e, □, i, a, □, o, u/의 여덟개의 단순모음과 일부 학자에 의해서 단순모음으로 분류되는 모음 /y, □/의 모두 열개의 모음을 음향음성학적 방법(acoustic method)으로 분석하여, 이들 모음과 청각적으로 비슷하게 들리나 결코 질적으로 같을 수 없는 영어의 모음 /i, l, □, □, □, a, □, o, U, u/의 단순모음과 대조 분석하여, 한국인의 영어모음 발음의 어려운 점의 해결책을 제시하고자한다.
방법은 국어의 모음을 음향음성학적으로 분석하기 위하여 서울 표준말을 사용하는 서울 태생의 남성을 20대 2명, 30대 2명, 40대 2명, 50대 2명 모두 여덟명을 선정하여 해당 국어 모음이 포함된 문장을 자연스럽게 읽혔다. 20대에서부터 50대까지 고르게 연령층을 택한 이유는 1) 국어모음의 공평한 형성음 평균값을 얻기 위함이며, 2) 세대간의 모음의 발음의 차이나, 변화의 추세를 알기 위함이다.
선정된 여덟 사람의 발음은 녹음실에서 자연스러운 속도로 읽는 것이 녹음되었고, 녹음된 tape는 32bit A/D conversion에 의해서 10KHz 속도로 digitize 되었다. 형성음 측정은 한국과학기술원(KAIST)에 있는 computer Sun 3/80에 의해서 ILS(Iterative Laboratory System) S/W package로 수행되었다.
이 논문은 1장에서는 이 연구의 이론적 배경을 설명하였고 2장에서는 영어 모음을 고찰하였고, 3장에서는 국어모음의 문제점을 논하였고, 제4 장에서는 국어모음의 형성음 분석을 하였다. 제5장에서는 형성을 분석의 결과를 논하였으며 제6장에서는 한국어와 영어모음의 발음을 대조분석 하였다. 이 논문의 연구 결과는 다음과 같다.
1) 국어와 미국영어(GA), 영국영어(RP)의 모음영역을 크기 순서로 열거하면, RP,국어, GA의 순이다.
2) 국어에서 장모음과 단모음의 차이는 오직 길이의 차이이나, 영어에서는 질적인 차이 이다.
3) 국어의 장모음은 영어에서처럼 상승하는 것이 아니라, 주변으로 넓혀 나가는 원심분리력(centrifugality)이 있으며, 해당 단모음에 비해 하강한다. 이 발견은 이 논문에서 최초이며, 이전의 어떠한 학자도 언급한 바가 없다.
4)영어의 모음은 긴장모음과 이완모음으로 구별되는데, 국어의 모음은 모두 긴장모음에 가깝기 때문에, 한국인에게는 영어의 이완모음이 어렵다.
5) 국어의 /ㅓ/의 장모음 /□/는 영어의 /□/에 가깝고, 단모음 /□/는 영어의 /□/쪽으로 간다.
6)국어의 /e/와 /□/ 모음은 각기 독립된 음소임에도 불구하고,모든 연령층에서 발음을 구별하지 않고 있다.
7) 국어의 /ㅚ/와 /ㅟ/는 대부분이 이중모음으로 발음되고 있는 추세이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A primary goal of phonetic and phonological theory is to capture the enormous range of sounds found in natural languages with a finite set of features. Theses features must at once be capable of showing the oppositions within languages and of marking the phonetic differences between languages.
For many years interest centered on oppositions within languages: this type of investigation led to important work such as Preliminaries to Speecht Analysis (Jakob-son, Fant, and Halle 1952) and The Sound Pattern of English (Chomsky and Halle 1968). But more recently, there has been a realization that adequate phonetic theory may have to include non-contrastive phonetic features.
There is little doubt that similar vowels in different languages sound different from one another. Foreign language learners who overlook this fact by attempting to subsitute the vowels of their native language for the corresponding vowels of a second language are almost always recognized as having a foreign accent. Therefore it is very important to study the similar vowels in different languages and describe them in reliable and consistant phonetic method.
There are generally three ways to describe the phonetic description of the vowel sounds, that is, articulatory description, auditory description, and acoustic description, Each has its own parameters that specify different vowel quality. In the articulatory description, vowels have been specified in terms of the highest point of the tongue and the lip position. However, it is often questionable whether the traditional labels of articulatory categories are adequate specification of vowels. The traditional terms for the tongue positions are not often correlated with the articulatory facts. The relation between the highest point of the tongue is well applied to specify the front vowels, but not specify the back vowels. In the articulatory description, there is no single simple set of parameters which is equally appropriate for specifying the tongue shapes of all those vowels.
In the auditory description, the best way of specifying vowels is to judge the vowel quality by reference to a fixed set of vowels whose quality is known, namely the cardinal vowels. The way of vowel specification can be done only by those who are trained in pronouncing and perceiving the cardinal vowels. It is often confusing, because the vowel quality is not always agreed upon even among those trained phoneticians.
Since the development of various acoustic instruments, especially the sound spectrograph, phoneticians have been trying to find a simple set of parameters which can specify all vowels by instrumental measurement of formant frequencies.
The purpose of this paper is to describe ten Korean simple vowels with the acoustic data which I collected and, I think, is new exploration in this area, and to discuss the various problems in the computational anaysis and also compare with the traditional descriptions of the Korean vowels. In addition to that mentioned above, I compare the formant frequencies of Korean vowels with those of British and American English, make spectrogram analyses and attempt to solve the pronunciation problem of Korean students when they learn to speak English.
I select eight male Korean speaker-two persons in their twenties, two persons in their thirties, another two persons in their forties, and another two persons in their fifties-whose speech is considered Standard Seoul dialect and make the spectrogram analyses. Through their ten simple vowel pronunciations I compare them with the similar vowels of British and American English which are intrinsically different but are sometimes misunderstood as similar sounds to Korean vowels in the auditory senses of Korean students.
For spectrographic analysis, the ILS(Iterative Laboratory System) S/W of the compuler Sun 3/80 at KAIST(Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) is used. The tape on which the speech of the eight informants is recorded is digitized on speed 10 KHz with 32 bit A/D conversion.
The results of the analysis are as follows:
1. The phonological area of British English vowels is the widest, that of Korean vowels is the second widest and that of American vowels is the smallest among Korean, British and American English Vowels.
2. In Korean, the difference between long vowels and short vowels is only long-thening that is, their difference is only quantity, while in English (including American and British English) the difference between long vowels and short vowels is quality. For example, the long vowels /i:/ and /u:/ are pure vowels in Korean as in French and German. However, the vowels /i/ and /u/ are not pure vowels in English. They are pronounced as /iy/ and /uw/ respectively. The point is that after the first parts of /i-/ and /u-/ they break into glides, /-y/ and /-w/, Therefore, Korean students learn to pronounce English /i/, /u/, and /o/ as off glides, /iy/, /uw/ and /ow/. They must be careful not to pronounce them /i:/, /u:/ and /o:/ as they pronounce Korean long vowels.
3. In Korean phonology there does not exist distinction between tense and lax vowels. All Korean vowels tend to be tense vowels. However, differences between tenseness and laxness in vowel quality are significant in English phonology. Consequently, English lax vowels /l, u, □, ε/ and /□/ give a heavy learning load to Korean students.
4. Korean long vowels occupy larger phonological spaces than the short vowels. The long vowels have a tendency to move toward the periphery. They move toward the cardinal vowels, that is, the high long vowels move upward, the low long vowels move downward, the front long vowels move ahead, and the back long vowels move backward compared with the relevant short vowels. Korean long vowels have centrifugal force just like dammed water moves toward the edges. This is a NEW discovery in Korean phonology.
5. In English, the long vowels are inclined to rise and to be close vowels in articulation. We have suspected that Korean long vowels have a similar tendency to English long vowels. Kerean long vowels have a different tendency, They move outward and downward instead of moving upward.
6. The Korean vowel /□/ has a tendency to move toward the English vowel /□ / when they are pronounced as long vowels. The short vowel /□/ moves toward the English central vowel /□/.
7. In Korean, though /e/ and /ε/ are definitely different phonemes. Korean people are inclined not to differentiate the two phonemes.
8. Korean vowels/ㅟ/ and /ㅚ/ which have been pronounced as monophthongs in many cases are now gradually being articulated as diphthongs.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• 국문요약
• I. 서론 = 1
• II. 영어모음 = 6
• 1. 영어모음의 문제점 = 6
• 2. 영국영어 모음 = 10
• 3. 미국영어 모음 = 13
• 4. 영미 영어 모음의 형성음 주파수 = 18
• III. 국어 모음 = 26
• 1. 국어 모음의 문제점 = 26
• 2. 국어의 단순모음 체계 = 32
• IV. 국어 모음 분석 = 34
• 1. 분석을 위한 문장 = 34
• 2. 실험 = 50
• V. 분석 결과 = 72
• 1. /e/와 /ε/ = 84
• 2. [□]와 [□] = 86
• 3. /y/와 /Φ/ = 88
• 4. 장모음과 단모음 = 92
• VI. 한국어와 영어 모음 = 103
• VII. 결론 = 111
• 참고문헌 = 115
• Abstract = 119