This study attempts to elucidate the nature of the alternative service
system by exploring the patterns and dynamics of conscientious
objection since its introduction. Since the adoption of conscription,
conscientious objectors were forced to endure r...
This study attempts to elucidate the nature of the alternative service
system by exploring the patterns and dynamics of conscientious
objection since its introduction. Since the adoption of conscription,
conscientious objectors were forced to endure repeated cycles of
long-term imprisonment without alternatives. Amid state punishment
and public indifference, conscientious objection has been regarded as a
trivial deviance. And about seventy years, more than 19,000
conscientious objectors have been imprisoned.
Entering the 2000s onward, conscientious objection became a matter
of public discourse. It began to unfold through political beliefs,
engaging with the languages of militarism and pacifism beyond the
dimensions of faith and individuals. The subsequent conscientious
objection movement developed activities based on anti-militarist
principles, and in 2018, it induced the Constitutional Court's ruling of
constitutional nonconformity regarding the 「Military Service Act」, thereby driving the introduction of an alternative service system for conscientious objectors
The introduction of the alternative service system can be considered
a progressive change in that unconditional criminal punishment for
conscientious objectors has been terminated. However, the introduction
of this system does not imply the resolution of the conscientious
objection issue. Performing alternative service as a substituted form of
military duty means that conscientious objectors, who were once illegal
entities, are now positioned within a legal institutional framework
requiring norms and rules. Although judicial punishment for
conscientious objectors ceased after the introduction of the system,
new problems accompanying the changes in the aspects of
conscientious objection are emerging.
Under the alternative service system, the beliefs of conscientious
objectors become objects of examination, and the service period
imposed on those who pass the screening reaches 36 months, which is
twice the length of active-duty service. The transfer procedure into
alternative service is conducted through the Alternative Service
Commission under the Military Manpower Administration, and
applications for transfer from active duty are not permitted. The field
of service is restricted to correctional facilities, and the form of
service is limited to confinement in dormitories.
In the field of alternative service, conscientious objectors are
situated in a position that overlaps with—yet remains distinct from—
soldiers, inmates, and correctional officers. Conscientious objectors
fulfilling the substituted form of military duty are treated by
correctional officers in a manner comparable to soldiers and spend
their daily routine in living quarters with an environment similar to
military barracks. As alternative service personnel, they carry out
tasks transferred from inmates and correctional officers. In this
context, alternative service personnel perform the duties of managing
and monitoring inmates while simultaneously becoming subjects of
surveillance by correctional officers.
The introduction of the alternative service system was an event that
institutionally guaranteed the right to conscientious objection, but it
was also a moment of subsuming conscientious objection into the
state's management system. The alternative service system, possessing
such a dual nature, approves the beliefs of conscientious objectors
while reconstructing their practice as an object of discipline.
With the introduction of the alternative service system, the phase of
criminal punishment for conscientious objectors is terminated. However,
while conscientious objectors could deviate from explicit military work,
they failed to escape from militarized facilities. The discourse of
‘harmonizing conscience and military service’ formally approves the
rights of conscientious objectors while simultaneously establishing a
new disciplinary system that controls bodies and time. Service
performed within the closed space of correctional facilities
substantively functions as an extension of imprisonment. Punishment
for conscientious objectors has shifted from judicial punishment to
administrative punishment, and the alternative service system operates
as an apparatus with an inherent punitive nature. In this respect, the
alternative service system can be defined as a mechanism to send
conscientious objectors to ‘prison’ in a more legalized manner.
Under these conditions, total objectors—who refuse not only military
service but also all military duties including alternative service due to
its punitive nature—emerge. By becoming targets of criminal
punishment even after the introduction of the alternative service
system, total objectors demonstrate that the system cannot encompass
the full range of conscientious objection.
Furthermore, since the introduction of the alternative service system,
the conscientious objection movement is deploying activities that are
not limited to the issue of enlistment. Given that war and militarism
are not problems confined to those subject to conscription, the critical
awareness of conscientious objection expands by connecting with
diverse agendas. As such, following the introduction of the alternative
service system, the conscientious objection movement explores forms
of resistance outside institutional frameworks with the aim of
dismantling militarism. Conscientious objection and the movement
following the alternative service system are practicing resistance
against militarism beyond the ‘freedom of conscience’ guaranteed by
the state.