This study aims to identify the problems within the K-pop idol trainee system and to propose measures for its improvement. K-pop, which has produced globally renowned groups such as BTS and BLACKPINK, is currently enjoying unprecedented worldwide popu...
This study aims to identify the problems within the K-pop idol trainee system and to propose measures for its improvement. K-pop, which has produced globally renowned groups such as BTS and BLACKPINK, is currently enjoying unprecedented worldwide popularity. While there are various factors contributing to K-pop’s success, the trainee system that produces idols who are active across multiple fields is regarded as a fundamental pillar of the industry. The global popularity of K-pop can be attributed to many elements, but the versatile activities of idol singers are largely based on the rigorous training provided by the trainee system. However, both domestic and international media, as well as idol singers themselves, have pointed out that the harsh training experienced during the trainee period has negative effects on physical and mental health. Even after debut, institutional limitations such as disputes over profit settlements and disagreements regarding career direction frequently lead to legal conflicts with agencies. In particular, confidentiality clauses included in trainee and idol contracts make it difficult to ascertain the actual conditions, thereby limiting the development of practical solutions for system reform.
To objectively analyze the realities and problems of the trainee system and to derive practical improvement measures, this study conducted in-depth interviews with a total of 12 participants: nine current or former trainees and three K-pop producers. The research employed the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methodology, analyzing, coding, cross-examining, and validating the interview data. Through this process, responses were organized into seven domains, 12 categories, and 45 meaningful concepts. The main findings are as follows:
First, adolescents are motivated to become trainees after being exposed to the glamorous images of their idol peers on media platforms such as television and YouTube, leading them to start learning dance and singing.
Second, while many parents are opposed to the harsh training that deviates from the formal education system, most eventually allow their children to become trainees at the children's strong request. In such cases, trainees often feel a heavy burden and find it difficult to quit, even if they wish to, because the decision was their own.
Third, it was found that most trainees receive private education in dance or vocals prior to becoming trainees. As dance is an essential skill for idol singers, they typically attend dance academies run by K-pop choreographers, many of which offer specialized audition preparation classes and even facilitate introductions to entertainment agencies.
Fourth, trainees often bear the costs related to training and education themselves. Due to financial difficulties, many trainees work part-time jobs while training, experiencing significant economic stress and pressure.
Fifth, trainees face considerable challenges in continuing their academic studies, and even when attending school, they often struggle to interact with their peers. The perception of being seen as a trainee by classmates can be burdensome, and many miss out on critical cognitive and social developmental experiences during adolescence.
Sixth, trainees reported physical health issues caused by extreme dieting and intense training, including nutritional deficiencies. In particular, most female trainees experienced menstrual irregularities, and many reported suffering from anxiety, depression, panic disorders, and even suicidal thoughts.
Seventh, trainees are often subject to verbal abuse, restrictions on texting and social media, and pressure to undergo cosmetic surgery, placing them in a blind spot for youth human rights and depriving them of the benefits and protections normally afforded to students.
Eighth, incidents such as manipulated audition program broadcasts and the sudden suspension of girl group activities have led to dissatisfaction among trainees regarding the potential for exploitation by adults in the industry.
Based on these results, this study makes the following recommendations:
First, entertainment agencies responsible for trainee development should establish internal regulations to support the overall growth of adolescents, including their unique characteristics, daily lives, and education, and should recognize the need for such support.
Second, legal standards regarding the rights and support of trainees are necessary. Measures similar to the Child Actor’s Bill (Coogan Law) in California, which requires employers to set aside a portion of minors’ earnings, should be introduced to ensure the healthy development of trainees.
Third, agencies should be required to include provisions for career education and health check-ups in contracts with trainees, thereby guaranteeing at least a minimum standard of human rights and management for adolescents.
Fourth, a human rights ombudsman system for entertainers should be established to prevent difficulties in trainees’ lives, and to ensure that, when problems arise, effective investigations and remedies are provided.