Twisted multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundles have recently drawn a significant research interest due to their remarkable characteristics, including a high strength-to-weight ratio, virtually unlimited yarn length, and high electrical conductiv...
Twisted multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundles have recently drawn a significant research interest due to their remarkable characteristics, including a high strength-to-weight ratio, virtually unlimited yarn length, and high electrical conductivity. Generally, twisted MWCNT bundles are produced by continuously drawing and spinning from a vertically aligned forest. By tightly twisting individual MWCNTs, close contact and strong intertube interactions are achieved, leading to highly compact slender structure. Twisted MWCNT bundle demonstrates a significantly enhanced tensile strain and stretchability compared to single MWCNT strand, making them suitable for various advanced applications, such as artificial muscles, energy harvesters, stretchable supercapacitors, battery electrodes, and mechanical sensors.
The most important feature of twisted MWCNT bundle for engineering application is its well- aligned cross-sectional structure. Specifically, the electric double layer on the cross-sectional interstitial of MWCNT bundles enables electrochemical harvesting and actuation. The toughness of nanocomposite can be significantly increased by selecting a polymer matrix with a yield strength similar to the strength of MWCNTs. The radially deformed MWCNT bundles can act as a continuum pad brake to halt in-plane rotation. Additionally, the cross-sectional deformation morphology of MWCNT bundle affects the thermal transfer performance for device application in deserted environment. In other words, understanding the cross-sectional deformation of MWCNTs is crucial, as they serve as important parameters for applications in designing mechanical, electrochemical, and thermodynamic devices. However, a direct simulation model to elucidate and design the cross- sectional structure of MWCNT bundles from nanometer to micrometer scale is still lacking. The main reason is the hierarchical structure of MWCNT bundles, and the design perspectives on atomic properties and continuous structures at the nano- and micrometer scales, respectively, have been developed individually.
Motivated by this, in this thesis, I introduce a multiscale coarse-grained (CG) representation to describe the cross-sectional deformation behavior of twisted MWCNT bundle. By fitting the interaction energy between the highly aligned MWCNTs with Morse potential function, the cross- sectional compressive stress and interstitial space profiles are reproduced compared to the all-atom results. The longitudinal bond stretching and angle scissoring potential functions are obtained from the classical beam theory. The stretching and bending simulations of CG model thus successfully reproduced the elastic modulus and bending rigidity of all-atom solid beam. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics are extended to reversely estimate the structural deformation and interstitial changes from CG model to downscaled all-atom representation.
The developed multiscale model is first expanded to analyze the cross-sectional structure of micrometer-scale MWCNT bundle element. A key benefit of this multiscale model is that it enables representation of structural variability in cross-sections by linking configurations of multiple bundled sections. The primary contributors to orientational distortion in the bundles are the non- uniform pull-out force and load distribution imbalance that occur in yarn production. Thus, even well-aligned MWCNT bundles exhibit local bending and warping during fabrication, analyzing resulting stress concentrations and nanoscale deformations is essential. The representative volume element of one micrometer-sized MWCNT bundles is analyzed to verify its reproducibility of the cross-sectional structure behavior of all-atom MWCNT bundles.
To a step further, the multiscale model is expanded to design the engineering application process of MWCNT bundles. First, the twisting process of a cylindrical MWCNT bundle into a yarn is simulated using the multiscale CG model. A larger fraction of interstitial space was observed in the sheath region of the yarn, where large-diameter MWCNTs are mainly distributed. Small-diameter MWCNTs first swirled toward the inner core during the twisting process, causing the large-diameter MWCNTs to be sparsely distributed throughout the sheath region. To better understand the exchange mechanism, the mechanical behaviors of aligned MWCNTs with varying diameters is analyzed during the twisting. The small-diameter nanotubes easily penetrated the bundled structures under pressure owing to their low structural energy barrier. Secondly, bending of twisted MWCNT bundles is simulated. The mismatches in the twist angle of the MWCNT bundles are revealed to crucial for maintaining its structure during bending. Finally, the lasso-shaped MWCNT bundle is modeled and fabricated to physically transport a heavier nanoparticle. The lasso secured the grip during the particle removal process under lateral motion, highlighting the stability and robustness of the MWCNT bundle structure.
In summary, the developed multiscale model explicitly reproduces the structural and mechanical behaviors of cross-section of twisted MWCNT bundle from nanometer to micrometer scale, which is essential design parameter for engineering application of bundle-to-yarn-based devices.