This study analyzes the novels of Yeom Sang-seop, Park Young-jun, and Jeong Bi-seok, who were classified as "middle-wing intellectuals" during the age of Liberation (August 15, 1945–June 25, 1950), through Walter Benjamin's concept of allegory to el...
This study analyzes the novels of Yeom Sang-seop, Park Young-jun, and Jeong Bi-seok, who were classified as "middle-wing intellectuals" during the age of Liberation (August 15, 1945–June 25, 1950), through Walter Benjamin's concept of allegory to elucidate the historical dimensions within their works. These three writers portrayed the multilayered realities of the Liberation period in their novels while attempting to carve out a space for literature unaligned with leftist or rightist ideologies.
After the liberation on August 15, 1945, leftist literary groups dominated the literary discourse, prompting the formation of rightist literary organizations in response. As the anti-communist regime of the U.S. military government intensified, key figures from leftist literary groups defected to North Korea, and cultural figures shifted their affiliations around the establishment of the Republic of Korea. Consequently, the South Korean literary scene was reorganized around rightist writers. Much like the political dichotomy of the era, literature from this period was also bifurcated into leftist class literature and rightist pure literature, a division often reflected in literary scholarship, which focused on these groups. However, there were authors who did not clearly align with either side. Members of both leftist and rightist organizations exhibited fluid affiliations, and those who distanced themselves from these groups were referred to as "middle-wing intellectuals." The number of works published by novelists classified as middle-wing intellectuals during this period outnumbered those of leftist and rightist writers. Among the most prolific middle-wing writers were Yeom Sang-seop, Park Young-jun, and Jeong Bi-seok.
Allegory, as opposed to symbolism, is a concept characterized by polysemy and fragmentation rather than seeking totality of meaning. Walter Benjamin pointed out that while baroque tragedies employing allegorical forms had been undervalued by scholars, allegory was an apt expression of the opulent yet melancholic spirit of the baroque era. Allegorical techniques are not confined to the baroque period. Benjamin argued that Baudelaire allegorically depicted the issues of 19th-century Paris. Although this was a time of heightened capitalist prosperity, exemplified by events such as the Exposition Universelle, the collapse of the Second Empire and the Paris Commune revealed the era's darker facets.
Allegory manifests as a "dialectical image" where diverse meanings coexist. Unlike conventional dialectics, the dialectical image does not synthesize opposing elements. Benjamin's concept of allegory is linked to his epistemology of history, offering a critical perspective on historicism. He argued that historical materialists reject modern historicism and view history constructively. By exploding traditional historical consciousness, they capture a "constellation" where remnants of the past coexist with the present—a structure that itself constitutes a dialectical image. Benjamin saw fleeting images as sites for recognizing messianic, revolutionary signals.
The age of Liberation, as a transitional period, was characterized by both hope for an independent state and the re-colonization of Korea under Cold War dynamics. It was a time of simultaneous expectation and disillusionment. The novels of these three writers were politically unacceptable to the left and insufficiently literary for the right. Middle-wing intellectuals were concerned about literature becoming a political propaganda tool while also rejecting its detachment from reality. By employing allegorical methods, they exposed the complexity of the Liberation period in their novels and critically engaged with contemporary historical consciousness.
This study discusses the allegorical elements and historical temporality evident in the novels of Yeom Sang-seop, Park Young-jun, and Jeong Bi-seok, representative middle-wing novelists of the age of Liberation. Chapter II examines Yeom Sang-seop’s depiction of fluid boundaries and the historicity of decline. His novels feature hybrid subjects with ambiguous identities that question the notion of a singular national identity. These contradictions, which resist easy resolution, coexist within his narratives. Consequently, events in his stories often lack proper closure, and situations frequently deteriorate rather than improve, challenging the optimistic expectations prevalent during the Liberation period and opposing contemporary progressive discourses. Yeom’s spatial descriptions defy singular definitions, critiquing the Cold War framework by illustrating the mutual coexistence of North and South Korea and questioning the legitimacy of their division.
Chapter III focuses on Park Young-jun’s novels, which highlight the relativity of norms and the historicity of discontinuities. The protagonists of his works experience melancholy, enabling them to critique the power dynamics that define normalcy. By reinterpreting reality through iterative, playful methods, these characters present a sense of hope. Park’s works emphasize everyday life, rejecting both standardized time and excessive temporality, advocating for attentiveness to fleeting moments of ordinary life. His novels critique the unresolved legacies of imperialism within the Liberation period by exposing the contradictions of the ruling elite’s self-justifying violence and presenting spaces for awakening to these realities.
Chapter IV analyzes the fictive illusions and historical realities in Jeong Bi-seok’s novels. While Jeong’s works portray cities and commodities in an appealing light, they also reveal the alienation of subjects as laborers. Commodities, stripped of their inherent meaning and reduced to exchange value in capitalist society, paradoxically allow new meanings to emerge, offering a critique of capitalist modes of exchange. His novels uncover hidden histories not addressed by objective historical accounts, reconstructing history from the perspective of the oppressed rather than the victors. By restoring the spaces sought by these marginalized figures, Jeong’s works challenge dominant historical narratives.
The nation-state established after the Liberation pursued uniformity under the Cold War framework. Contemporary writers aimed to rebuild national culture, an effort that bifurcated into class literature in the North and pure literature in the South, forming the foundation of their respective systems. The novels of Yeom Sang-seop, Park Young-jun, and Jeong Bi-seok reveal the unassimilated complexities of this nation-building process, exposing the limitations of the modern state and broadening our understanding of its realities.