This study examined the restructuring of the public health system from the liberation period to 1961 through the key actors of the public health policy, medical doctors. This study identified the activities of medical doctors and the restructuring of ...
This study examined the restructuring of the public health system from the liberation period to 1961 through the key actors of the public health policy, medical doctors. This study identified the activities of medical doctors and the restructuring of the healthcare system by intensively reviewing the medical doctors' awareness of healthcare issues, the design of the healthcare system, the response to different types of medical professions, and the plan for the placement of doctors at the grassroots level.
Immediately after the liberation in August 1945, amidst social turmoil caused by the influx of repatriated individuals, the nation had to stabilize the disease management system. Syngman Rhee's government's priority was to manage the epidemic to stabilize people's daily lives and calm social turmoil. Furthermore, addressing public health issues was essential to maintaining the Rhee regime. The crisis of national survival due to the Korean War on June 25, 1950, the crisis of the regime due to the practical failure of the 1956 presidential election, and an economic crisis due to the economic hardship of the grassroots rural areas, rising unemployment and corruption overlapped and created a significant economic downturn. Syngman Rhee's regime could not guarantee its survival without addressing public health issues in the midst of a national, regime, and economic crisis.
To briefly summarize the content of this study by chapter, Chapter 1 focused on the emergence of medical doctors as key actors in public health and their involvement in the administration during the U.S. military government in Korea. Chapter 2 discussed the process of convergence in healthcare policies during the Rhee Syngman government era, the restructuring of the healthcare system, and the differentiation of the medical profession from other healthcare professions. Chapter 3 examined the restructuring of the public health system and the role of medical doctors in healthcare from the post-war period to 1961, with a particular focus on the issue of human resource allocation.
The conclusions of the present study are summarized as follows: First, after liberation, medical doctors emerged as key players in the public sphere and secured a leading role in the healthcare system. Medical doctors participated in the healthcare administration under the U.S. military government in Korea and were entrusted with public responsibilities. Due to the exclusion of colonial administration and colonial power's involvement in public health policy implementation, medical doctors had no choice but to engage in private practice. However, after the establishment of the government, they continued to play a pivotal role as a key policy group.
Medical doctors had the opportunity to actively implement healthcare policies after the establishment of the nation. Medical doctors presented directions and policies aimed at resolving regional public health issues and addressing the medical imbalance. The policies included the establishment of a Medical Service Association and the policy of mandatory dispatch of doctors to rural areas.
After the war, the ideas and plans of medical doctors started to materialize with the cooperation of foreign aid. The important thing was that medical doctors began to reorganize the public health system with a focus on Western medicine. This was in line with the public's trust in Western medicine, which was secured through the success of the medical doctors' epidemic prevention activities during the war and the public's reliance on Western medicine. After liberation, the role of medical doctors in public health administration became a crucial factor in establishing the Korean public health system with a focus on Western medicine.
Second, the expansion of local organizations through the restructuring of the public health system has led to conflicts and a search for solutions between social demands placed on medical doctors and their role in public service. After the war, medical doctors reorganized the public health system to provide healthcare benefits to the public by converting the wartime grassroots organization for relief and free treatment to dispensaries and then to health centers. In addition, medical doctors utilized the Medical Service Association to expand and operate these restructured public health centers.
In the mid-1950s, medical doctors recognized that the immediate public health challenges could not be addressed solely through an increase in the number of doctors. Consequently, they actively sought solutions to dispatch doctors to rural areas. However, for medical practitioners, the disparity in income between rural and urban practices made it difficult to encourage them to practice in rural areas. While many doctors were mobilized as military doctors, newly qualified doctors were leaking out of the country in the pursuit of "advanced medicine," and the available personnel for public health activities was insufficient.
In the context of the emerging local public health issues, medical doctors examined ways to enhance the role of limited region-doctors, who have been traditionally considered to have low medical standards, as public healthcare providers. While the use of limited region-doctors was a major topic of discussion, some medical doctors felt that it was no different from the consequences of recognizing limited region-doctors. Afterward, the authorities attempted to expand and reorganize the public health organization and, at the same time, utilized the community doctor system.
Meanwhile, as a result, and the impact of the activities of medical doctors related to the establishment of public health policies and systems, the introduction of a national intervention, namely the healthcare insurance system, was explored. Medical doctors hoped to stabilize doctors' livelihoods through the healthcare insurance system and create conditions that would allow doctors to be deployed to local public health.
Third, medical doctors, in pursuit of scientific and professional expertise, excluded other professions, including traditional Korean medicine, from the public health system and monopolized it. The solution proposed by medical doctors for addressing public health issues was the specialization of medicine and discrimination against "unprofessional" care. Medical doctors viewed that by pursuing scientific rigor and specialization and by having highly skilled doctors, they could contribute to the improvement of "public health" in the country. As a result, the public health policies of medical doctors appeared to be exclusive to other types of healthcare professions.
However, the exclusive policies of medical doctors towards other types of healthcare professions were challenged and demanded change due to the impact of the war. Medical doctors had to review and decide whether to utilize medical roles that they perceived to be less specialized than other types of medicine in the face of expanding medical needs due to the war and post-war reconstruction.
Although traditional Korean medicine was recognized in the National Medical Act, medical doctors criticized the "unscientific nature" of traditional Korean medicine. Medical doctors have excluded them from the national public health actors. However, some members of the medical doctors gave a positive evaluation of the use of limited region-doctors. However, while the government did not officially designate limited region-doctors as the official public health actor, medical doctors faced inter-professional conflicts with them.
The above study results provide a point of departure from the traditional assessment of public health from 1945 to 1961. The process of excluding actors that were judged to be unable to contribute to national healthcare, even under the financial and human resource constraints of the Cold War division system, was not a "failure" in the expansion of public health, but rather their judgment and choice. The difficulty of solving the problem of medical imbalance that appeared in the process of medical doctors seeking and realizing the expansion of public health was revealed in the fact that medical doctors did not want to use other medical professions for the quantitative expansion of public health. In other words, medical doctors pursued a direction of providing public health through qualitative improvement in medical standards, which later manifested as the guiding principle for the development of the public health system in South Korea.