This study aims to analyze the gender performativity of transgenderqueers attending women's universities and examine how this gender performativity can serve as a resource for redefining the meaning of women's universities. To achieve this, the study ...
This study aims to analyze the gender performativity of transgenderqueers attending women's universities and examine how this gender performativity can serve as a resource for redefining the meaning of women's universities. To achieve this, the study will first explore the construction of womanhood within women's universities as educational institutions, as space of resistance against male power, as communities enabling political empowerment, and as physical spaces with tangible existence. Secondly, the study will examine the relationship between hegemonic notions of womanhood within women's universities and transgenderqueer students attending the institutions. Through this analysis, the study raises questions about the dichotomous gender system prevailing in the gender politics surrounding women's universities and explores the intricate connection between women's issues and transgender issues, as well as the resources that enable solidarity. It explores the potential connections between feminist theories accustomed to a dichotomous gender system and transgender theories that challenge such gender systems, investigating what forms of trans/feminism are viable in today's reality.
Women's universities have been conceptualized as spaces that expand educational opportunities for women within a hierarchical and dichotomous gender system of women and men, as spaces fostering solidarity among women, and as spaces where men are forbidden. This has involved critiquing and resisting the oppressive existing gender order while cultivating alternative power for the resistance. Simultaneously, the gender politics within women's universities have been shaped within the hierarchical gender framework of women and men, along with a heteronormative paradigm. However, this binary understanding of gender falls short in adequately capturing the experiences of those who embrace the language of feminism, queerness, and transgenderism as the resources of their lives. The emergence and visibility of transgenderqueer individuals at women's universities highlight that women's universities can no longer be interpreted solely within the stable and hegemonic framework of "female(sex)-femininity(gender)-heterosexuality(sexuality)," calling for a gender analysis that goes beyond a dichotomous gender system.
To achieve this, the paper conducted a literature review to examine how women's spaces and categories have been interpreted, produced, and reproduced, as well as how transgenderqueer categories have emerged. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted to analyze the experiences of transgenderqueer students attending women's universities in terms of gender performativity and hegemonic femininity. The summarized findings of the study are as follows.
First, women's universities always function as sites of gender politics, and the femininities constructed through these institutions also possess political significance and meaning. These femininities represent both resistance against hegemonic feminine gender roles and embodiments of hegemonic femininity itself. However, the rise of queer discourses that challenge the gender binary revealed that women's universities can no longer be solely interpreted within a dichotomous gender order. Transgenderqueer students raised their voices, advocating for the interpretation of differences among campus community members as new premises for understanding.
Second, the femininities within women's universities were shaped not only through the educational ideals, visions, and values pursued and presented by these institutions as educational organizations but also through the institutional structures such as services, policies, classes aimed at students. These femininities were also evident through interactions with fellow students, faculty members, and staff within the college community. The campus, both inside and outside its gates, was a space where an order defining the intelligible female category operated. In these three situations, transgenderqueer individuals faced challenges within the gender dysphoria and are at odds with the gender order within the campus.
Third, the gender performativity of transgenderqueers at women's universities is achieved through the various repetition or rejection of femininities. Transgenderqueer individuals differently repeat hegemonic femininities constructed through the student support programs of the institution. They distance themselves from gendered titles and sisterhood but build solidarity by using and being referred to by their chosen names regardless of age or gender. Furthermore, while campuses of women's universities are considered asexual spaces as they consist solely of women, transgenderqueers' experiences with restroom usage challenge the binary gender order. These scenes of gender performativity create ruptures in the continuous and consistent femininity based on sex-gender-sexuality. The spatial experiences and gender performativity of transgenderqueers reveal the privileged power held by the intelligible female identity constructed through the consistent performance of sex-gender-sexuality.
Fourth, transgenderqueers have a historical presence within women's universities. Women's universities are interpreted as paradoxical spaces where women's empowerment, capacity development, and freedom from gender hierarchies can be felt. However, for transgenderqueer individuals, women's universities are experienced as spaces where they cannot fully disclose their transgender identity while simultaneously being spaces where they can imagine alternatives and cultivate their capacities. The sense of safety and freedom in paradoxical spaces have dual meanings for transgenderqueers and have become a driving force for them to seek and create alternative spaces within women's universities.
Fifth, transgenderqueer individuals form connections with their peers through spaces such as LGBTQ+ clubs and student self-governance organizations within the women's college. Based on these connections, they collectively advocate for the plurarity within the women's college and resist the gender order on campus. These collective actions occur through banners, event booths, and bulletin boards throughout the campus, as well as awareness campaigns, newsletters, and panel discussions. These activities serve to not only signal the presence of transgenderqueer individuals within women's universities but also signify that their spatial experiences and exclusive ownership are integral elements of the women's college itself. Through these activities, the participants in the study reject the notion of becoming intelligible female identity and instead embrace a “queer“ identity. This is connected to how the gender performativity of transgenderqueers is limited by space and how those limitations interact with their performativity and are consequently reconfigured.
When the gender politics surrounding women's universities are understood through the gender performativity of transgenderqueers, women's universities are not simply confined to being spaces of gender segregation. Women’s universities can be recontextualized by questioning the dichotomous gender system and what it means to be a woman. It will be a resource for deconstructing the intelligible and naturalized female identity, while not excluding transgenderqueer individuals from women's universities in a context that acknowledges the existence of threats faced by women and the alternative forces of resistance that operate within such threatening circumstances.