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      In comrades we trust : the network of trust among North Korean refugees in London

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T16390263

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      국문 초록 (Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      본 연구에서는 난민이 인지하고 경험하는 관계적 신뢰의 역할에 주목한다. 신뢰는 협력적 상호작용과 관계 형성에 있어 필수적인 요소이다. 그러나 외부적 위협요소로부터 벗어나는 과정 속에서 난민은 타인과 사회 전반에 대한 강한 불신을 형성하게 되며, 이로 인해 의미 있는 사회적 관계 형성에 어려움을 겪게 되는데 이와 같은 모습은 같은 민족 내 관계에서도 동일하게 나타난다. 따라서, 난민의 재정착과 사회통합을 위해서는 무엇보다 이들의 신뢰 회복이 시급한 것으로 여겨지고, 민족 간 관계에서 신뢰 회복이 첫 번째 단계임이 강조된다. 집단 내 구성원과 신뢰 관계를 형성함으로써 난민은 성공적인 정착에 필요한 도구적·정서적 지원을 받을 뿐 아니라 안정감과 통제감을 경험하고, 이것은 외부 집단과의 관계 확대와 적극적인 사회참여로까지 이어진다. 그리하여 본 연구는 집단 내 민족적 신뢰 관계가 어떻게 형성되고, 민족적 신뢰 네트워크에서 관찰된 패턴이 난민의 통합 경험에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴본다.

      이 연구는 신뢰를 반복적인 상호작용 속에서 형성되는 관계적 특성으로 개념화함으로써 런던의 탈북 난민 커뮤니티 네트워크를 살펴본다. 자료는 141명의 탈북 난민과의 설문을 통해 수집되었다. 커뮤니티 수준의 연결망 자료를 구축할 수 있도록 설문 내용에는 광범위한 자아중심연결망에 대한 질문이 포함되었으며, 사회연결망분석의 다양한 기법을 적용하여 연구 질문을 탐색한다.

      연구 결과는 세 개의 경험 연구로 이루어져 있다. 첫 번째 연구는 난민 간 신뢰 관계 형성을 위해서는 안정적인 제도적 환경이 요구된다는 것을 보여준다. 동일한 민족적 배경의 이주자 간에 신뢰관계는 자연 발생하는 것이라는 이해와는 달리, 민족 내 신뢰관계는 수용국의 제도적·사회적 상황이 믿을 수 있고 안정적이라고 인지될 때 형성된다. 두 번째 연구는 결속적 관계(bonding relationship)와 연결적 관계(bridging relationship) 간의 전환 가능성을 보여준다. 민족 간 신뢰 네트워크 구조에서 중심적 위치일수록 민족 공동체를 넘어 폭넓은 관계를 유지하고 사회참여의 기회를 모색할 가능성이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 더 나아가 수용국 내에 친족이 많을수록 신뢰 네트워크 안에서 중심적인 위치를 가진다는 점을 보여줌으로써 가족 간의 유대가 난민의 적응과 통합 경험에 중요한 요소임을 설명한다. 마지막으로 세 번째 연구는 난민 통합의 필수적인 요소로서 관계적 신뢰의 역할을 더욱 강조한다. 신뢰를 기반으로 형성된 민족 간 결속적 관계는 건강, 자기효능감, 그리고 정착국에서 느끼는 안전감과 밀접하게 관련된 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 민족 간 신뢰관계는 재정적·정서적 지원과 같은 관계적 자원을 동원할 수 있도록 한다.

      사회연결망분석을 이주 연구에 접목한 본 연구는 민족 공동체 내 관계에 대해 보다 더 체계적인 설명이 가능하도록 한다. 더 나아가 이 연구는 난민의 취약한 신뢰 기반에 대한 이해와 집단 내 신뢰관계가 난민의 취약성과 어려움을 어떻게 완화하는지에 대한 이해를 넓힌다. 또한, 본 연구에서 제시된 연구 설계 방법은 이주 연구에서 반복적으로 제기되어온 방법론적 어려움을 극복하고, 취약집단 연구에 대한 새로운 시사점을 제공한다.
      번역하기

      본 연구에서는 난민이 인지하고 경험하는 관계적 신뢰의 역할에 주목한다. 신뢰는 협력적 상호작용과 관계 형성에 있어 필수적인 요소이다. 그러나 외부적 위협요소로부터 벗어나는 과정 ...

      본 연구에서는 난민이 인지하고 경험하는 관계적 신뢰의 역할에 주목한다. 신뢰는 협력적 상호작용과 관계 형성에 있어 필수적인 요소이다. 그러나 외부적 위협요소로부터 벗어나는 과정 속에서 난민은 타인과 사회 전반에 대한 강한 불신을 형성하게 되며, 이로 인해 의미 있는 사회적 관계 형성에 어려움을 겪게 되는데 이와 같은 모습은 같은 민족 내 관계에서도 동일하게 나타난다. 따라서, 난민의 재정착과 사회통합을 위해서는 무엇보다 이들의 신뢰 회복이 시급한 것으로 여겨지고, 민족 간 관계에서 신뢰 회복이 첫 번째 단계임이 강조된다. 집단 내 구성원과 신뢰 관계를 형성함으로써 난민은 성공적인 정착에 필요한 도구적·정서적 지원을 받을 뿐 아니라 안정감과 통제감을 경험하고, 이것은 외부 집단과의 관계 확대와 적극적인 사회참여로까지 이어진다. 그리하여 본 연구는 집단 내 민족적 신뢰 관계가 어떻게 형성되고, 민족적 신뢰 네트워크에서 관찰된 패턴이 난민의 통합 경험에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴본다.

      이 연구는 신뢰를 반복적인 상호작용 속에서 형성되는 관계적 특성으로 개념화함으로써 런던의 탈북 난민 커뮤니티 네트워크를 살펴본다. 자료는 141명의 탈북 난민과의 설문을 통해 수집되었다. 커뮤니티 수준의 연결망 자료를 구축할 수 있도록 설문 내용에는 광범위한 자아중심연결망에 대한 질문이 포함되었으며, 사회연결망분석의 다양한 기법을 적용하여 연구 질문을 탐색한다.

      연구 결과는 세 개의 경험 연구로 이루어져 있다. 첫 번째 연구는 난민 간 신뢰 관계 형성을 위해서는 안정적인 제도적 환경이 요구된다는 것을 보여준다. 동일한 민족적 배경의 이주자 간에 신뢰관계는 자연 발생하는 것이라는 이해와는 달리, 민족 내 신뢰관계는 수용국의 제도적·사회적 상황이 믿을 수 있고 안정적이라고 인지될 때 형성된다. 두 번째 연구는 결속적 관계(bonding relationship)와 연결적 관계(bridging relationship) 간의 전환 가능성을 보여준다. 민족 간 신뢰 네트워크 구조에서 중심적 위치일수록 민족 공동체를 넘어 폭넓은 관계를 유지하고 사회참여의 기회를 모색할 가능성이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 더 나아가 수용국 내에 친족이 많을수록 신뢰 네트워크 안에서 중심적인 위치를 가진다는 점을 보여줌으로써 가족 간의 유대가 난민의 적응과 통합 경험에 중요한 요소임을 설명한다. 마지막으로 세 번째 연구는 난민 통합의 필수적인 요소로서 관계적 신뢰의 역할을 더욱 강조한다. 신뢰를 기반으로 형성된 민족 간 결속적 관계는 건강, 자기효능감, 그리고 정착국에서 느끼는 안전감과 밀접하게 관련된 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 민족 간 신뢰관계는 재정적·정서적 지원과 같은 관계적 자원을 동원할 수 있도록 한다.

      사회연결망분석을 이주 연구에 접목한 본 연구는 민족 공동체 내 관계에 대해 보다 더 체계적인 설명이 가능하도록 한다. 더 나아가 이 연구는 난민의 취약한 신뢰 기반에 대한 이해와 집단 내 신뢰관계가 난민의 취약성과 어려움을 어떻게 완화하는지에 대한 이해를 넓힌다. 또한, 본 연구에서 제시된 연구 설계 방법은 이주 연구에서 반복적으로 제기되어온 방법론적 어려움을 극복하고, 취약집단 연구에 대한 새로운 시사점을 제공한다.

      더보기

      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      Refugee experiences are characterized by a profound sense of mistrust. Given that trust is functional prerequisite for cooperative social interactions, refugees’ inability to trust hinders them from developing and engaging in meaningful social relationships—even with their coethnics. Therefore, in integrating refugees, restoring their capacities to trust has been considered imperative, and researchers have emphasized that restoring trusting relationships with coethnics is the first step. This process allows refugees to mobilize instrumental and emotional support within and beyond their ethnic community for successful social adjustments. This study asks, then, how coethnic trust relationships emerge in a reception context and how patterns observed in the ethnic trust network affect refugees’ integration chances.

      Conceptualizing trust as a property embedded in social relationships that is generated through a system of interaction, this study considers the network organization of the North Korean refugee community in London. The data was collected by interviewing 141 North Korean refugees. Participants completed a two-part survey containing an extensive questionnaire on their personal networks. For analyses, various techniques available in social network analysis were applied to explore the research questions.

      Findings are organized into three empirical studies. The first study finds that the development of trusting ties among coethnic refugees requires a favorable institutional environment. Contrary to the expectation that trusting relationships among coethnic refugees are epistemologically primitive, a trusting impulse towards coethnics emerges when refugees’ assessments of the institutional context remove the potential for exploitation. The second study, then, demonstrates the impact of trusting relationships by demonstrating transferability between bonding and bridging relationships. Those individuals occupying a structural position as a broker in ethnic trust networks show higher probability of developing bridging ties and of seeking social opportunities beyond the ethnic community. More importantly, by showing how refugees with ties to extended kin occupy the central position within the ethnic trust network, it highlights the significance of family ties as the principal source of trust and mobility for refugees. The third and final study further emphasizes trust as an integral relational quality in refugee integration. It finds that ethnic ties characterized by trust, but not other ethnic ties, are associated with individual wellbeing in terms of health, self-efficacy, and perceived safety in the destination. Trust ties also offer unique relational resources, such as financial and emotional support.

      The incorporation of social network analysis to the study of migration offers a more systematic account of the in-group relationships within the ethnic community. It contributes to expanding the understanding of refugees’ fragile basis of trust and how trust relations with coethnics may moderate vulnerabilities by developing a supportive network of in-group contact. Also, the research design presented in this study overcomes methodological challenges inherent in research on hidden and vulnerable groups. In so doing, it offers new insights and implications for any future endeavors involving hidden and vulnerable study populations.
      번역하기

      Refugee experiences are characterized by a profound sense of mistrust. Given that trust is functional prerequisite for cooperative social interactions, refugees’ inability to trust hinders them from developing and engaging in meaningful social relat...

      Refugee experiences are characterized by a profound sense of mistrust. Given that trust is functional prerequisite for cooperative social interactions, refugees’ inability to trust hinders them from developing and engaging in meaningful social relationships—even with their coethnics. Therefore, in integrating refugees, restoring their capacities to trust has been considered imperative, and researchers have emphasized that restoring trusting relationships with coethnics is the first step. This process allows refugees to mobilize instrumental and emotional support within and beyond their ethnic community for successful social adjustments. This study asks, then, how coethnic trust relationships emerge in a reception context and how patterns observed in the ethnic trust network affect refugees’ integration chances.

      Conceptualizing trust as a property embedded in social relationships that is generated through a system of interaction, this study considers the network organization of the North Korean refugee community in London. The data was collected by interviewing 141 North Korean refugees. Participants completed a two-part survey containing an extensive questionnaire on their personal networks. For analyses, various techniques available in social network analysis were applied to explore the research questions.

      Findings are organized into three empirical studies. The first study finds that the development of trusting ties among coethnic refugees requires a favorable institutional environment. Contrary to the expectation that trusting relationships among coethnic refugees are epistemologically primitive, a trusting impulse towards coethnics emerges when refugees’ assessments of the institutional context remove the potential for exploitation. The second study, then, demonstrates the impact of trusting relationships by demonstrating transferability between bonding and bridging relationships. Those individuals occupying a structural position as a broker in ethnic trust networks show higher probability of developing bridging ties and of seeking social opportunities beyond the ethnic community. More importantly, by showing how refugees with ties to extended kin occupy the central position within the ethnic trust network, it highlights the significance of family ties as the principal source of trust and mobility for refugees. The third and final study further emphasizes trust as an integral relational quality in refugee integration. It finds that ethnic ties characterized by trust, but not other ethnic ties, are associated with individual wellbeing in terms of health, self-efficacy, and perceived safety in the destination. Trust ties also offer unique relational resources, such as financial and emotional support.

      The incorporation of social network analysis to the study of migration offers a more systematic account of the in-group relationships within the ethnic community. It contributes to expanding the understanding of refugees’ fragile basis of trust and how trust relations with coethnics may moderate vulnerabilities by developing a supportive network of in-group contact. Also, the research design presented in this study overcomes methodological challenges inherent in research on hidden and vulnerable groups. In so doing, it offers new insights and implications for any future endeavors involving hidden and vulnerable study populations.

      더보기

      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • LIST OF TABLE iii
      • LIST OF FIGURES iv
      • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
      • LIST OF TABLE iii
      • LIST OF FIGURES iv
      • ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
      • CHAPTER
      • I. INTRODUCTION 1
      • II. REFUGEE INTEGRATION, NETWORKS, AND TRUST 8
      • 2.1 Theories of Migrant Integration 8
      • 2.2 Migrant Social Networks and Integration 13
      • 2.3 Trust as Integration Facilitator 18
      • 2.4 Trust and Networked Refugees 22
      • 2.5 Social Network Approach to Refugee Integration 25
      • III. THE EROSION OF TRUST IN THE EXPERIENCE OF NORTH KOREAN REFUGEES 30
      • 3.1 A Brief History of the Two Koreas 30
      • 3.2 The North Korean Diaspora 33
      • 3.3 Study Context: North Koreans in London, UK 40
      • 3.4 Trust and North Korean Refugees 43
      • IV. OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 47
      • 4.1 Sample Recruitment 47
      • 4.2 Network Data Collection 51
      • 4.3 Data Structure and Social Network Analysis 53
      • V. IS TRUST REALLY THERE? 60
      • 5.1 Sample Description 60
      • 5.2 Distribution of Trust 61
      • 5.3 Structure of Coethnic Ties 62
      • 5.4 Structure of Coethnic Friendship Ties 65
      • 5.5 Discussion 69
      • VI. ETHNIC TRUST AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION 70
      • 6.1 Determinants of Ethnic Trust 70
      • 6.2 Literature Review and Hypotheses 72
      • 6.3 Data and Method 76
      • 6.4 Results 80
      • 6.5 Discussion 83
      • VII. ETHNIC TRUST AS BRIDGING SOCIAL PARTICIPATION 85
      • 7.1 Brokers and the Ethnic Trust Network 85
      • 7.2 Literature Review and Hypotheses 87
      • 7.3 Data and Method 89
      • 7.4 Results 95
      • 7.5 Discussion 101
      • VIII. ETHNIC TRUST AS A DETERMINANT OF INDIVIDUAL WELLBEING 104
      • 8.1 Trust, Social Capital, and Ethnic Network 104
      • 8.2 Literature Review and Hypotheses 106
      • 8.3 Data and Method 110
      • 8.4 Results 116
      • 8.5 Discussion 122
      • IX. CONCLUSION 124
      • 9.1 Summary of Findings 125
      • 9.2 Study Limitations 130
      • 9.3 Implications and Future Directions 131
      • APPENDICES 136
      • A. General Survey 136
      • B. Network Survey 153
      • C. Sample Recruitment 165
      • REFERENCES 167
      • ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 194
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      참고문헌 (Reference)

      1. Measuring Tie Strength, Marsden , Peter V. , and Karen E. Campbell, 63 ( 2 ) :482-501 ., , 1984

      2. North Korea : The Sequel, Cumings , Bruce, 102 ( 663 ) :147-151 ., , 2003

      3. The Strength of Weak Ties, Granovetter , Mark S., 78 ( 6 ) :1360-1380 ., , 1973

      4. Trust as a Social Reality, Lewis , David J. , and Andrew Weigert, 63 ( 4 ) :967-985 ., , 1985

      5. Cognitive Social Structures, Krackhardt , David, 9 ( 2 ) :109-134 ., , 1987

      6. Structure in Personal Networks, McCarty , Christopher, 3 ( 1 ), , 2002

      7. Structural Holes and Good Ideas ., Burt , Ronald S., 110 ( 2 ) :349-399 ., , 2004

      8. An Affect Theory of Social Exchange, Lawler , Edward J, 107 ( 2 ) :321-352, , 2001

      9. Ethnic Minorities and Mental Health, Vega , William A. , and Ruben G. Rumbaut, 17 ( 1 ) :351-383 ., , 1991

      10. North Korean Secondary Asylum in the UK, Song , Jay Jiyoung , and Markus Bell, 7 ( 2 ) :160-179, , 2019

      1. Measuring Tie Strength, Marsden , Peter V. , and Karen E. Campbell, 63 ( 2 ) :482-501 ., , 1984

      2. North Korea : The Sequel, Cumings , Bruce, 102 ( 663 ) :147-151 ., , 2003

      3. The Strength of Weak Ties, Granovetter , Mark S., 78 ( 6 ) :1360-1380 ., , 1973

      4. Trust as a Social Reality, Lewis , David J. , and Andrew Weigert, 63 ( 4 ) :967-985 ., , 1985

      5. Cognitive Social Structures, Krackhardt , David, 9 ( 2 ) :109-134 ., , 1987

      6. Structure in Personal Networks, McCarty , Christopher, 3 ( 1 ), , 2002

      7. Structural Holes and Good Ideas ., Burt , Ronald S., 110 ( 2 ) :349-399 ., , 2004

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