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    들뢰즈의 ‘되기’ 개념에 기반한 포스트휴먼 주체성 연구

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T16154927

    • 저자
    • 발행사항

      대전: 忠南大學校 大學院, 2022

    • 학위논문사항

      학위논문(박사) -- 충남대학교 대학원 , 철학과 서양철학 전공 , 2022. 2

    • 발행연도

      2022

    • 작성언어

      한국어

    • DDC

      190 판사항(22)

    • 발행국(도시)

      대전

    • 기타서명

      A study of posthuman subjectivity based on Deleuze’s concept of ‘becoming’

    • 형태사항

      vi, 293 p.: 삽화; 26 cm.

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      지도교수: 양해림
      충남대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.
      2021학년도부터 인쇄본은 소장하고 있지 않습니다.
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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    This paper examines the fact that posthuman subjectivity models are based on the long tradition of generative ontology and that Deleuze and Guattari, philosophers of difference, becoming, and mutation, serve as a bridge while providing important philosophical horizons at a conceptual level. making it clear Deleuze presents the individuality of 'this is', which grasps the subject as a state of temporary coagulation through the concept of 'becoming'. Becoming is a process in which one body meets another and forms a new subjectivity through the transformation of subjectivity. Deleuze's thinking has already been used in the perspective and explanation of the post-human problem through various studies.
    If a philosophical concept can still provide an explanation of a problem and a viewpoint of solving it despite changes in the conditions of existence that are almost cut off due to the development of technological science and the combination of humans and machines, this means the vitality of the way of thinking. Braidotti, a representative posthuman philosopher, emphasizes the establishment of subjectivity by presenting as a posthuman subject model 'nomadic subjects' who cooperate with others in a way that is neither antagonistic nor aggressive. This is also the background in which he vigorously criticizes theories that neglect the problem of the post-human subject, including the actor network theory.
    The problem consciousness of this paper is extended to the whole human being in our daily life. When you lose your smartphone, don't you suddenly feel like you can't do anything? When we say that the background or cause of a certain phenomenon, thought, movement, or action is the subject, can it be seen that the subjectivity with and without a smartphone is the same? “We systematically define the problem, realizing that we are obsessively involved with e-mail and Facebook,” Bryant said. Harari is asking if the laptop thinks and feels like a sapiens when the brain is downloaded to a portable hard drive, is it human, and whether erasing the program will result in a murder charge.
    The biggest characteristic of the subject discussed in the post-human era is that the subject does not exist, but creates and constantly changes. We have a belief system. The idea that there is a 'cause' behind the physical phenomenon that makes the phenomenon possible, the idea that there is an 'action subject' behind the action, the idea that there is a 'spirit' that moves the body behind the body, the world It is the idea that there is a 'god' who creates and provides the world beyond the world, but they all come from the same source. The same source is the belief that the ‘subject’ already exists and acts as the cause of all phenomena, movements, and actions. Then, the thought that the subject creates must start with breaking the belief in the subject that we have believed to be solid. This is the reason why it is difficult for us to readily accept Nietzsche's claim that “the subject is a fiction.” This is because even in the present moment, we judge ourselves, set goals, and act to achieve them.
    Moreover, the theories of the subject in the post-human era shake the status of the subject, which was steadfast. ‘Agent-network theory’ takes ‘gun homicide’ as an example. Gun murders are not a single crime committed by humans using guns as a tool, but rather the result of a “co-organization” between humans and non-humans. Latour, who represents this theory, asserts that the gun and man are caused by the collective agent 'gun-man'.
    This class of 21st-century thought no longer trusts the dualism that divides the human and the non-human that underlies all modern thought after Rene Descartes. The development of the post-human era begins when machines change the conditions of human existence. Braidotti understands that with the development of technological science, a new other machine, the machine, has changed the condition of our existence unprecedentedly. From the perspective of the history of Western philosophy, there are two main reasons for the emergence of the posthuman. One is the urgent need to seek a new subjectivity after structuralism and post-structuralism have attempted to critically deconstruct traditional humanism and the human subject. The other is that advanced technology and science have penetrated into specific environmental conditions of human life, leading to a new sense of subjectivization. It has emerged as a condition. It refers to the philosophical task of discovering subjectivity for coexistence, symbiosis, and co-evolution with machines while escaping from the problems caused by the existing modern subject in the post-human era. To elucidate this task and to provide an answer is the main goal of this paper. In the post-human era, in addition to the old problems caused by humanism, new problems caused by the development of technology and science must be solved. Coexistence, symbiosis, and co-evolution between humans and non-humans are the topics of discussion.
    In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to form and elucidate a new subjectivity. This is because humans cannot live without giving up the subject matter for even a moment. The difference between the posthuman philosophy's perspective on subjectivity and the existing philosophy is that it grasps subjectivity from the point of view of occurrence.
    This thesis starts with Descartes Cogito, the starting point of the modern subject. The problem of the modern subject stems from a linear worldview. The linear arrangement of the world is when assuming a value-oriented center or ontological origin. Modern thinking has placed the a priori subject in the place where the source of God has disappeared. The anthropocentrism of modern philosophy brings bourgeois domination, imperialistic domination, and absolute socialist domination through the objectification of the other by the subject. The reason why the movement to deconstruct Juche occurred in the late 20th century is because of the opposition to this distorted worldview. Deleuze tried to suggest an alternative subject for the modern metaphysical subject, which is the 'genetic subject'. Therefore, in Chapter I, the problem of the modern subject was raised and Deleuze's background of the birth of the generative subject was dealt with. This study examines the limitations of the modern metaphysical subject, efforts to overcome them, and alternative subjects. He pointed out that the fundamental problem of the metaphysical subject lies in scholasticism. Hume, who denied the subject of identity, Nietzsche, who declared that “the subject is fiction,” and Freud, who collapsed the subject of consciousness by discovering the unconscious, examines alternative subjects of post-structuralism such as Foucault, Lacan, and Levinas.
    The philosophy of becoming is necessarily based on materialism. This is why Deleuze summoned the ancient Lucretius again. Deleuze finds the concept of becoming in Lucretius-Epicurean atomism. The core of Lucretius atom theory is the 'klenamen', that is, the 'exclusivity' inherent in each atom. Klinamen, which refers to the tendency to suddenly deviate, is the origin of creation and creation. The philosophy of creation and creation continues to Bergson and Simondon in modern times. Deleuze brings Spinoza into the main flow of philosophical history in order to think about the effection based on materialism. Chapter II deals with the materialistic foundations from Lucretius to Spinoza to Bergson. Deleuze deals with ‘becoming’ in his later work 『A Thousand Plateaus』 based on the ontology of becoming and the body theory. Becoming, which Deleuze proposes, refers to the method of producing a body anew by combining it with another body and causing a qualitative change. In other words, becoming is an individuation process in which one body meets another (block formation) to create a new affective individuality. The transformation of subjectivity presupposes escape from a certain stratification, that is, escape or deterritorialization. For example, the transformation of subjectivity is the process of becoming something new by forming a third zone through escape and deterritorialization from the strata stratified by the dominant value, the scale. For Deleuze, the stratified strata refers to biological organization, social signification, and inner subjectivization. In the end, difference, which is the core concept of Deleuze's philosophy, is an ontological capacity that cannot be reduced to identity and acts as a force that induces various 'becoming'.
    Chapter III deals with the process of becoming after examining the definition of becoming, the dimensions of becoming, and the nature of becoming. The result of becoming is ‘hecceite’. Deleuze cites a certain season, a certain winter, a certain summer, a certain time, a certain date, etc. as examples of what it is and means “this being is different from the individuality of a thing or subject, but it has a complete individuality in itself that is not lacking in anything” to give Chapter IV explores the problem of posthuman subjectivity based on the previous discussions. The issue of subjectivity is even more critical in the posthuman era. This is because in a world that has been newly changed by combining with machines, humans are faced with fundamental questions about who they are and how to live.
    In the world changed by machines, Deleuze’s becoming ‘becoming a machine’ develops into Braidotti’s ‘becoming a machine’. Becoming a machine is an answer to the question of how the union of humans and machines can form a new subjectivity while establishing new alternative relationships beyond the hierarchical or subordinate relationship of domination. This paper claims that Deleuze is a philosopher who laid the foundations of posthuman philosophy. He laid the foundation for posthuman thinking through the philosophy of difference and becoming, (new) materialist thinking, and the concept of ‘machine’, which is seen as another expression of immanence. In addition, the post-human subject model proposed by Braidotti, Hales, and Simondon will be explored and the implications of these subject models will be explained. It also deals with various discussions about the activity of the subject.
    What is the human way of survival in the context of technological singularity? Futurists, including Raymond Kurzweil, have made various proposals, such as 'coevolution of human and machine', blocking situations in which singularity or super artificial intelligence appears, and changes to Homo Cyborg. The final point of the discussion is an ethical and political issue. Ethics here are not moral imperatives. Deleuze takes the Spinoza concept and treats it as a matter of ethics in a way that values ​​the increase or decrease of physical capacity. The main issue in this section is what kind of co-evolution and co-evolution will be achieved between humans and non-humans.
    In conclusion, the research results are summarized and the issue of subjectivity activity is dealt with as a future research task. The modern subject has been rejected by modern philosophers, but contemporary political and economic problems and global complex issues such as climate change raise the question of subject activity. This is not a return to the modern subject, but a phenomenon that can be called a return to the subject. Regarding this, Deleuze says, “It is not the activity of the subject that makes resistance possible, but the activity of the impersonal capacity in the decentralized subject.”
    This paper agrees with the argument that Deleuze's concept of 'becoming', which seeks a new subjectivity and subjectivity of generation and difference based on the ontology of becoming, can overcome the modern subject and give a solution to the formation of a new subjectivity in the posthuman era. .
    This paper tries to differentiate it from other papers related to Deleuze's subject in four major ways. First, it made it clearer that Deleuze provided an important philosophical horizon of posthuman subjectivity. In this paper, Deleuze survived before the posthuman era was fully developed, but his philosophy of difference and becoming, (neo)materialistic thinking, and the concept of 'machine', which are seen as another expression of immanence, and the concept of inorganic vitality, He argued that it forms the foundation of human thought. It is no coincidence that leading posthuman philosophers such as Braidotina Hales and Donna Jeanne Haraway adopt or criticize Deleuze's ideas while developing a posthuman philosophy.
    Second, it raises the problem of the subject, which Deleuze was reluctant to mention, as 'Deleuze's theory of subjectivity'. We examined the characteristics of Deleuze's Juche theory and what philosophical horizons it leaned on. Third, although modern philosophy rejected the modern Juche philosophy, the subject's activity problem, which is still being raised in the posthuman era, was discussed in Deleuze's philosophy. It is a discussion on the question of whether we can still cope with the complex problems of modern times, even if they are political, social, and historical problems, without a subject with a clear and identical modern meaning. In the theory of becoming, the problem of the conscious choice of one side constituting a block, the problem of resistance to power, and the problem of posthuman responsibility in a distributed cognitive situation are dealt with. The subject's activity problem is emerging as a philosophical topic due to the overwhelming domination of the capitalist system and the emergence of global problems such as climate change. Fourth, I tried to reveal the characteristics of the representative post-human subject model more clearly. The subject model of Braidotti, Hales, and Simondon was summarized, and the philosophical concept that forms the cornerstone of the subjectivity model was summarized at a glance.
    번역하기

    This paper examines the fact that posthuman subjectivity models are based on the long tradition of generative ontology and that Deleuze and Guattari, philosophers of difference, becoming, and mutation, serve as a bridge while providing important philo...

    This paper examines the fact that posthuman subjectivity models are based on the long tradition of generative ontology and that Deleuze and Guattari, philosophers of difference, becoming, and mutation, serve as a bridge while providing important philosophical horizons at a conceptual level. making it clear Deleuze presents the individuality of 'this is', which grasps the subject as a state of temporary coagulation through the concept of 'becoming'. Becoming is a process in which one body meets another and forms a new subjectivity through the transformation of subjectivity. Deleuze's thinking has already been used in the perspective and explanation of the post-human problem through various studies.
    If a philosophical concept can still provide an explanation of a problem and a viewpoint of solving it despite changes in the conditions of existence that are almost cut off due to the development of technological science and the combination of humans and machines, this means the vitality of the way of thinking. Braidotti, a representative posthuman philosopher, emphasizes the establishment of subjectivity by presenting as a posthuman subject model 'nomadic subjects' who cooperate with others in a way that is neither antagonistic nor aggressive. This is also the background in which he vigorously criticizes theories that neglect the problem of the post-human subject, including the actor network theory.
    The problem consciousness of this paper is extended to the whole human being in our daily life. When you lose your smartphone, don't you suddenly feel like you can't do anything? When we say that the background or cause of a certain phenomenon, thought, movement, or action is the subject, can it be seen that the subjectivity with and without a smartphone is the same? “We systematically define the problem, realizing that we are obsessively involved with e-mail and Facebook,” Bryant said. Harari is asking if the laptop thinks and feels like a sapiens when the brain is downloaded to a portable hard drive, is it human, and whether erasing the program will result in a murder charge.
    The biggest characteristic of the subject discussed in the post-human era is that the subject does not exist, but creates and constantly changes. We have a belief system. The idea that there is a 'cause' behind the physical phenomenon that makes the phenomenon possible, the idea that there is an 'action subject' behind the action, the idea that there is a 'spirit' that moves the body behind the body, the world It is the idea that there is a 'god' who creates and provides the world beyond the world, but they all come from the same source. The same source is the belief that the ‘subject’ already exists and acts as the cause of all phenomena, movements, and actions. Then, the thought that the subject creates must start with breaking the belief in the subject that we have believed to be solid. This is the reason why it is difficult for us to readily accept Nietzsche's claim that “the subject is a fiction.” This is because even in the present moment, we judge ourselves, set goals, and act to achieve them.
    Moreover, the theories of the subject in the post-human era shake the status of the subject, which was steadfast. ‘Agent-network theory’ takes ‘gun homicide’ as an example. Gun murders are not a single crime committed by humans using guns as a tool, but rather the result of a “co-organization” between humans and non-humans. Latour, who represents this theory, asserts that the gun and man are caused by the collective agent 'gun-man'.
    This class of 21st-century thought no longer trusts the dualism that divides the human and the non-human that underlies all modern thought after Rene Descartes. The development of the post-human era begins when machines change the conditions of human existence. Braidotti understands that with the development of technological science, a new other machine, the machine, has changed the condition of our existence unprecedentedly. From the perspective of the history of Western philosophy, there are two main reasons for the emergence of the posthuman. One is the urgent need to seek a new subjectivity after structuralism and post-structuralism have attempted to critically deconstruct traditional humanism and the human subject. The other is that advanced technology and science have penetrated into specific environmental conditions of human life, leading to a new sense of subjectivization. It has emerged as a condition. It refers to the philosophical task of discovering subjectivity for coexistence, symbiosis, and co-evolution with machines while escaping from the problems caused by the existing modern subject in the post-human era. To elucidate this task and to provide an answer is the main goal of this paper. In the post-human era, in addition to the old problems caused by humanism, new problems caused by the development of technology and science must be solved. Coexistence, symbiosis, and co-evolution between humans and non-humans are the topics of discussion.
    In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to form and elucidate a new subjectivity. This is because humans cannot live without giving up the subject matter for even a moment. The difference between the posthuman philosophy's perspective on subjectivity and the existing philosophy is that it grasps subjectivity from the point of view of occurrence.
    This thesis starts with Descartes Cogito, the starting point of the modern subject. The problem of the modern subject stems from a linear worldview. The linear arrangement of the world is when assuming a value-oriented center or ontological origin. Modern thinking has placed the a priori subject in the place where the source of God has disappeared. The anthropocentrism of modern philosophy brings bourgeois domination, imperialistic domination, and absolute socialist domination through the objectification of the other by the subject. The reason why the movement to deconstruct Juche occurred in the late 20th century is because of the opposition to this distorted worldview. Deleuze tried to suggest an alternative subject for the modern metaphysical subject, which is the 'genetic subject'. Therefore, in Chapter I, the problem of the modern subject was raised and Deleuze's background of the birth of the generative subject was dealt with. This study examines the limitations of the modern metaphysical subject, efforts to overcome them, and alternative subjects. He pointed out that the fundamental problem of the metaphysical subject lies in scholasticism. Hume, who denied the subject of identity, Nietzsche, who declared that “the subject is fiction,” and Freud, who collapsed the subject of consciousness by discovering the unconscious, examines alternative subjects of post-structuralism such as Foucault, Lacan, and Levinas.
    The philosophy of becoming is necessarily based on materialism. This is why Deleuze summoned the ancient Lucretius again. Deleuze finds the concept of becoming in Lucretius-Epicurean atomism. The core of Lucretius atom theory is the 'klenamen', that is, the 'exclusivity' inherent in each atom. Klinamen, which refers to the tendency to suddenly deviate, is the origin of creation and creation. The philosophy of creation and creation continues to Bergson and Simondon in modern times. Deleuze brings Spinoza into the main flow of philosophical history in order to think about the effection based on materialism. Chapter II deals with the materialistic foundations from Lucretius to Spinoza to Bergson. Deleuze deals with ‘becoming’ in his later work 『A Thousand Plateaus』 based on the ontology of becoming and the body theory. Becoming, which Deleuze proposes, refers to the method of producing a body anew by combining it with another body and causing a qualitative change. In other words, becoming is an individuation process in which one body meets another (block formation) to create a new affective individuality. The transformation of subjectivity presupposes escape from a certain stratification, that is, escape or deterritorialization. For example, the transformation of subjectivity is the process of becoming something new by forming a third zone through escape and deterritorialization from the strata stratified by the dominant value, the scale. For Deleuze, the stratified strata refers to biological organization, social signification, and inner subjectivization. In the end, difference, which is the core concept of Deleuze's philosophy, is an ontological capacity that cannot be reduced to identity and acts as a force that induces various 'becoming'.
    Chapter III deals with the process of becoming after examining the definition of becoming, the dimensions of becoming, and the nature of becoming. The result of becoming is ‘hecceite’. Deleuze cites a certain season, a certain winter, a certain summer, a certain time, a certain date, etc. as examples of what it is and means “this being is different from the individuality of a thing or subject, but it has a complete individuality in itself that is not lacking in anything” to give Chapter IV explores the problem of posthuman subjectivity based on the previous discussions. The issue of subjectivity is even more critical in the posthuman era. This is because in a world that has been newly changed by combining with machines, humans are faced with fundamental questions about who they are and how to live.
    In the world changed by machines, Deleuze’s becoming ‘becoming a machine’ develops into Braidotti’s ‘becoming a machine’. Becoming a machine is an answer to the question of how the union of humans and machines can form a new subjectivity while establishing new alternative relationships beyond the hierarchical or subordinate relationship of domination. This paper claims that Deleuze is a philosopher who laid the foundations of posthuman philosophy. He laid the foundation for posthuman thinking through the philosophy of difference and becoming, (new) materialist thinking, and the concept of ‘machine’, which is seen as another expression of immanence. In addition, the post-human subject model proposed by Braidotti, Hales, and Simondon will be explored and the implications of these subject models will be explained. It also deals with various discussions about the activity of the subject.
    What is the human way of survival in the context of technological singularity? Futurists, including Raymond Kurzweil, have made various proposals, such as 'coevolution of human and machine', blocking situations in which singularity or super artificial intelligence appears, and changes to Homo Cyborg. The final point of the discussion is an ethical and political issue. Ethics here are not moral imperatives. Deleuze takes the Spinoza concept and treats it as a matter of ethics in a way that values ​​the increase or decrease of physical capacity. The main issue in this section is what kind of co-evolution and co-evolution will be achieved between humans and non-humans.
    In conclusion, the research results are summarized and the issue of subjectivity activity is dealt with as a future research task. The modern subject has been rejected by modern philosophers, but contemporary political and economic problems and global complex issues such as climate change raise the question of subject activity. This is not a return to the modern subject, but a phenomenon that can be called a return to the subject. Regarding this, Deleuze says, “It is not the activity of the subject that makes resistance possible, but the activity of the impersonal capacity in the decentralized subject.”
    This paper agrees with the argument that Deleuze's concept of 'becoming', which seeks a new subjectivity and subjectivity of generation and difference based on the ontology of becoming, can overcome the modern subject and give a solution to the formation of a new subjectivity in the posthuman era. .
    This paper tries to differentiate it from other papers related to Deleuze's subject in four major ways. First, it made it clearer that Deleuze provided an important philosophical horizon of posthuman subjectivity. In this paper, Deleuze survived before the posthuman era was fully developed, but his philosophy of difference and becoming, (neo)materialistic thinking, and the concept of 'machine', which are seen as another expression of immanence, and the concept of inorganic vitality, He argued that it forms the foundation of human thought. It is no coincidence that leading posthuman philosophers such as Braidotina Hales and Donna Jeanne Haraway adopt or criticize Deleuze's ideas while developing a posthuman philosophy.
    Second, it raises the problem of the subject, which Deleuze was reluctant to mention, as 'Deleuze's theory of subjectivity'. We examined the characteristics of Deleuze's Juche theory and what philosophical horizons it leaned on. Third, although modern philosophy rejected the modern Juche philosophy, the subject's activity problem, which is still being raised in the posthuman era, was discussed in Deleuze's philosophy. It is a discussion on the question of whether we can still cope with the complex problems of modern times, even if they are political, social, and historical problems, without a subject with a clear and identical modern meaning. In the theory of becoming, the problem of the conscious choice of one side constituting a block, the problem of resistance to power, and the problem of posthuman responsibility in a distributed cognitive situation are dealt with. The subject's activity problem is emerging as a philosophical topic due to the overwhelming domination of the capitalist system and the emergence of global problems such as climate change. Fourth, I tried to reveal the characteristics of the representative post-human subject model more clearly. The subject model of Braidotti, Hales, and Simondon was summarized, and the philosophical concept that forms the cornerstone of the subjectivity model was summarized at a glance.

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • 서 론 1
    • 1) 연구의 배경 1
    • 2) 선행 연구 검토 9
    • 3) 논문의 전개 방향 및 구성 11
    • Ⅰ. 생성적 주체론 15
    • 서 론 1
    • 1) 연구의 배경 1
    • 2) 선행 연구 검토 9
    • 3) 논문의 전개 방향 및 구성 11
    • Ⅰ. 생성적 주체론 15
    • 1. 생성적 주체 철학의 등장 15
    • 1) 형이상학적 주체 철학의 문제
    • a) 데카르트의 코기토와 근대 주체 5
    • b) 근대 주체의 그림자 22
    • 2) 근대 주체의 전복
    • a) 흄 : 동일성의 주체는 없다 24
    • b) 니체 : 주체는 허구다 30
    • c) 프로이트 : 무의식의 발견 35
    • 2. 현대철학의 새로운 주체 모색 40
    • 1) 푸코 : 권력과 지식의 주체학 41
    • 2) 라캉 : 무의식의 주체학 46
    • 3) 레비나스 : 타자의 주체학 50
    • Ⅱ. 들뢰즈 주체론과 철학적 지평 54
    • 1. 들뢰즈 주체론 54
    • 1) 들뢰즈의 주체에 대한 문제의식 54
    • 2) 들뢰즈 주체성의 특징
    • a) 생성과 되기의 주체성 56
    • b) 특이성 및 비인격적 주체성 60
    • c) 무의식적 주체성 64
    • 2. 철학적 토대 1 : 유물론적 생명 68
    • 1) 루크레티우스와 클리나멘 68
    • a) 물질 이외의 실재는 없다 68
    • b) 생성의 시작 : 클리나멘 71
    • 2) 스피노자 신체론 74
    • a) 스피노자의 정신-신체 평행론 75
    • b) 위도와 경도 77
    • c) 양태적, 유동체적 개체성 78
    • 3) 베르그손: 흐름의 물질 82
    • 4) 들뢰즈의 비유기적 생명 89
    • 3. 철학적 토대 2 : 새로운 형이상학 94
    • 1) 내재성 사유의 수용
    • a) 초월성 극복의 사유로서의 내재성 95
    • b) 현실적인 것의 생산 원리로서의 내재성 98
    • 2) 들뢰즈의 정동 이론 101
    • a) 정동의 개념 102
    • b) 비재현의 사유 105
    • 3) 기관 없는 신체 108
    • Ⅲ. 되기와 주체성 113
    • 1. 되기의 의미와 특징 113
    • 1) 되기의 개념 113
    • a) 되기의 정의 113
    • b) 되기의 차원 : 욕망과 강도 115
    • 2) 되기의 특성
    • a) 실재적 특성 118
    • b) 소수적 특성 122
    • d) 분자적 특성 124
    • 2. 되기의 주체성 126
    • 1) 되기의 과정 126
    • a) 반-기억 126
    • b) 블록의 형성 130
    • 2) 되기의 결과 132
    • a) ‘이것임(hecceites)’의 개체성 132
    • b) 강도적 합성체 136
    • c) 이것임과 시몽동의 개체발생론 138
    • Ⅳ. 포스트휴먼 주체성의 문제 141
    • 1. 포스트휴먼 시대의 전개 141
    • 1) 존재조건의 변화 141
    • a) 인간과 기계의 결합 141
    • b) 과학적 관점의 ‘인간-기계’ 평면 152
    • 2) 새로운 주체성의 요청 156
    • a) 포스트휴먼 곤경(dilemma) 156
    • b) 포스트휴먼 주체성의 요구 159
    • 2. 들뢰즈와 포스트휴먼 163
    • 1) 들뢰즈의 ‘기계’ 165
    • a) ‘자연-문화’ 불연속의 극복 166
    • b) 구조적 사유의 극복 171
    • 2) 신유물론 175
    • 3. 포스트휴먼 주체의 모델과 성격 182
    • 1) 포스트휴먼 주체 모델 182
    • a) 몸을 가진 확장된 관계적 자아 182
    • b) 인간과 지능형 기계의 접합체 188
    • c) 개체초월적 ‘인간-기계 앙상블’ 모델 198
    • 2) 포스트휴먼 주체 모델의 성격 207
    • a) 내재성 208
    • b) 관계성 210
    • c) 횡단성 213
    • d) 유목성 214
    • e) 체현성 217
    • f) 생성성 221
    • 3) 주체의 능동성 문제 222
    • a) 되기 이론의 변신 주체의 문제 224
    • b) 분산된 주체의 책임의 문제 226
    • c) 권력에 대한 저항 주체의 문제 229
    • d) 무의식의 능동성과 사건적 주체 232
    • 4. 포스트휴먼-되기와 공생의 윤리 241
    • 1) 들뢰즈의 신체행동학 241
    • a) ‘역량 증감’의 윤리 241
    • b) ‘좋음’으로의 되기 245
    • 2) 포스트휴먼 윤리: 인간-아님과의 공생 247
    • a) 기계와의 공존 249
    • b) 지구와의 공존 251
    • c) 동물과의 공존 257
    • 3) 긍정의 윤리학 260
    • a) 능동적 관계 맺기 260
    • b) 책임의 문제 261
    • 결론 265
    • 참고 문헌 270
    • Abstract 287
    더보기

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