14-15世紀 金銅佛龕 硏究 = A Study on the Portable Shrines of Gilt-bronze Buddhas 14th and 15th Centuries

국문 초록 (Abstract)

Bulgam (“불감,” Buddhist shrine) is a niche used to enshrine a Buddha statue. The term encompasses a wide range of objects of numerous types. There are two main types of bulgam: the type found in rock cave temples in India and China, and the smaller, portable type. A significant number of portable shrines have been found in Korea. One of the oldest portable shrines in existence is the Portable Shrine of Wooden Buddha Triad at Songgwangsa Temple in Suncheon, which was created during the Tang dynasty. The majority of portable shrines from the late Goryeo period and the early Joseon period were portable shrines of gilt-brone Buddhas, whereas portable shrines of wooden Buddhas were made in the late Joseon period.
This study examines thirteen portable shrines of gilt-bronze Buddhas created in the 14th and 15th centuries, along with a portable shrine donated to the National Museum of Korea in 2018.
The portable shrines of gilt-bronze Buddhas from the 14th and 15th centuries can be divided into two groups depending on their shape: pavilion-shaped portable shrines and box-shaped portable shrines. However, there exists an even more conspicuous feature that divides the shrines examined in this study: the existence of reliefs inside the portable shrine. Thus, this study divided the portable shrines into two groups: Type 1 shrines, which feature reliefs inside the interior, and Type 2 shrines, which do not have reliefs inside.
The portable shrines in both groups were created by assembling multiple copperplates with rivets. Each shrine has gates on the front side, which are connected to the main body. The small holes on the bottom suggest that they were used to enshrine a Buddha statue by fixing the statue on the bottom. External decorations on the portable shrines include the patterns on the roof, the gates on the shrine chamber, and the designs on the base section. Firstly, pavilion-shaped shrines have one of two types of roof: hipped roof and gambrel roof. Some shrines have small rings attached at the center of the roof ridge. Box-shaped portable shrines have rings resembling door handles at the center of the roof section. The surface of the gates was engraved with auspicious-character designs (“칠보문,” chilbomun) using the engraving or openwork technique. The surface of the gates on Type 1 portable shrines feature designs that are more elaborate than those found in Type 2 shrines. The front side of Type 1 portable shrines resemble the sutra paintings or Buddhist paintings created around the same period.
The Buddha statues enshrined in the portable shrines combined the styles of statues from the Yuan and Ming dynasties with the Tibetan style. Tibetan Buddha statues are characterized by the marble-shaped design on top of Buddha’s head, the costume that bears one of the shoulders, and the vertically symmetrical lotus pedestal. The statues in the portable shrines examined in this study adopted certain elements of the styles from other regions, while combining them with the traditional style.
Lastly, this study examines the function and significance of the portable shrines. Firstly, the portable shrines excavated from the Geumgangsan Mountain are Type 2 shrines with simpler exterior designs. This study estimates how these portable shrines came to be made based on where they were made (Geumgangsan Mountain) and the Geumgangsan worship, which was widely practiced at the time. Secondly, three of the portable shrines were excavated from pagodas: the Portable Shrine from the Seven-story Stone Pagoda of Simgoksa Temple in Iksan; the Portable Shrine from the Pagoda in Maegok-dong, Suncheon; and the Portable Shrine from Octagonal Five-story Stone Pagoda of Sujongsa Temple in Namyangju. The Amitabha worship was widely practiced in the early Joseon period, which often involved enshrining small Buddha statues in pagodas. This practice may have encouraged the crafting of portable shrines at the time. Thirdly, some of the portable shrines do not contain inscriptions or prayer scripts, and their places of origin have not been clearly identified. All of these portable shrines fall under Type 1. The elaborate reliefs in the interior suggest that they were not used only to enshrine statues. The shrines seem to have been used for Buddhist services.
Portable shrines provide a wide range of valuable insights into Buddhist architecture, sculptures, craftworks, paintings, and other artworks. The significance of this study lies in that it overviewed the portable shrines of gilt-bronze Buddhas created in specific periods, and estimated their functions.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말 1
• Ⅱ. 불감의 기원과 조성배경 4
• 1. 불감의 기원과 형태 5
• 1) 불감 관련 문헌기록 5
• 2) 불감의 형태와 특징 8
• 2. 불감의 조성 배경 12
• 1) 불감의 제작과 현황 12
• 2) 조성 배경과 신앙적 요소 18
• Ⅲ. 14-15세기 금동불감의 유형과 양식 특징 22
• 1. 불감의 유형과 양식 22
• 1) 1유형 24
• 2) 2유형 71
• 2. 불감의 제작기법과 장식 요소 85
• 1) 불감의 제작기법 85
• 2) 불감 외부의 장식 요소 86
• 3) 불감 내부 부조상의 표현과 특징 91
• 3. 봉안 불상의 양상과 특징 96
• Ⅳ. 14-15세기 금동불감의 기능과 미술사적 의의 110
• 1. 불감의 기능과 용도 110
• 1) 금강산 신앙과 불감 110
• 2) 탑 출토 불감 114
• 3) 예배용 불감 119
• 2. 14-15세기 금동불감의 중요성 121
• Ⅴ. 맺음말 124
• 參考文獻 128
• 表 目 錄 136
• 揷圖目錄 137
• Abstract 143