朝鮮前期 貢納制 硏究

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The aim of this thesis is largely to study the transition of tributary institution in Koryo Dynasty, the contents and charater of tributary institution in the first term of Choson Dynasty, the shift of tributary distribution, the tribute and management of national finance, and the change of tributary Pangnap(防納; indirect payment).
The exploitational institution of tribute in Koryo Dynasty was administered by the Kun-hyun(郡縣; district). Each provincal tribute was levied by the local products of each year. But escapee from land began to appear broadly since the 12th century, so the country which had exploited them could not maintained the necessary amount of the tribute.
Therefore the country changed the method which it had been used before and explored the new method. And the people who reclassified were called the Kongho. Kongho was the peasantry who was governed directly by the proper authorities, but they could their own lands, and paied their taxes. But by and by they began to deprived of their civil rights after some social fluctuation, and started degenerate to the depending peasantry, and became subordination to the king's great farmand the noble's.
Exploitating the tributary from the peasantry was usually levied by the number of persons, but new compromise of the person and land size began to appear after the king Ch'ungsuk. Because the land dominate a lot of the economic parts. In general comprising or the person and the land size did not work out and the disturbed structure resulted to decrease cultivation peasantry in Koryo Dynasty. As the Mongol
dominated the Koryo Dynasty, began to rise and this social contradiction made it difficult to maintain Kab-in-ju-an(甲寅柱案). Founding the Choson Dynasty since the end in Koryo Dynasty, the first Emperor(king Taejo) directed to correct to contradiction the tributary institution accumulated and change it put in to good order on 1392.
The various successive abuses were eliminated after the establishment of the Kong-bu-sang-jeong-do-gam(貢賦詳定都監). The tribute was divided into the land tax and pure products. And they were furnished
through the Kwanbi-kongmul(官備貢物; the tribute of saving by the district office), Minbi-kongmul(民備貢物; the tribute of exploitating from each family). and Jeong-yok-ho(定役戶; the tribute of bribed to the government by the occupation of the folk).
Gonerally speaking the exploitation from the nation were the tribute(貢納), labor service(?役), Military service(軍役) and they were collectively imposed to people by the Gun-hyun(郡縣; district). Because it was difficult that the central government couldn't investigate the number of houses and the amount of lands. And the census of registers(戶籍) and the land registers(量案) which were provided as the base of the national
exploitation, and they were prepared and run as the institution of the national exploitation. In the land tax(田稅), when the natural disaster such as a flood or a drought was occured, the exemption according to loss(隨損給損) was applied, but for the amount of tribute which collected by each Gun-hyun(郡縣) did not lessen. After the famine and poor harvest, the reduction of tribute or the exemption of tribute was inevitable. But even though the king decreed was exempt of the tribute and ordered to decreeze the tribute. Each provincial mandarins didn't execute it, therefore the people as a rule couldn't recevie favors from authorities.
The tribute to every district made it a rule to estimate the amount to be based on the producting district so the tribute only became fixed fact and the region was exploitated continually and any specific produce always was intensively exploitated also by centural authorities. Thus so as to make burden the tribute equally, the centural authorities sometimes imposed the burden to the non-products beside the main.
The tribute was imposed according to the size of the family and the registered land, it seems that the base of imposing taxe