In these days, plastic pollution in the environment is receiving worldwide attention. Because of increasing production, use, and disposal of plastic products, abandoned plastic wastes flow into the environment and they contaminate the ecosystems. Espe...
In these days, plastic pollution in the environment is receiving worldwide attention. Because of increasing production, use, and disposal of plastic products, abandoned plastic wastes flow into the environment and they contaminate the ecosystems. Especially, microplastics, < 5 mm in diameter, are getting spotlights because of their unique characteristics, wide distribution and enormous uses. These microplastics can affect organisms and ecosystems from marginal problems to mortality. In this study, ecological impacts of microplastics on the organisms living in marine, freshwater, and soil environments were evaluated.
First, the impacts on individuals, microalgae (Dunaliella salina) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in marine environment, fish (Oryzias sinensis and Zacco temminckii) in freshwater environment, and plants (Vigna radiata) in soil environment were investigated. Direct microplastic exposure caused promotions of growth and photosynthetic activity of microalgae and microplastic egestion rates of mussels were varied depending on food (microalgae) presence. After then, microplastics changed swimming patterns of both freshwater fish and induced histopathological abnormality of liver. Lastly, microplastics were absorbed and transferred to soil plants and decreased root growth. Next, expanded impacts on food chain composing 2 to 4 organisms in each ecosystem were evaluated. Microplastics were transferred through food chains in each ecosystem (mussel - shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in marine ecosystem, algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - daphnid, Daphnia magna - small fish, O. sinensis - big fish, Zacco temminckii, in freshwater ecosystem, and plant - snail, Achatina fulica, in soil ecosystem) and caused several negative effects (decrease of nutrients in shrimps and feeding and foraging speeds of snails).
Consequentially, microplastics with various characteristics affect the growth, health, and behavior of individuals (algae, mussel, fish and plant) and these can cause the decrease of viabilities and health of organisms. Additionally, they transferred from an organism to other organisms in various trophic levels inducing several adverse effects. This result can suggest the possibility of trophic transfer of microplastics to human who ingest these contaminated organisms as a food. This study demonstrated ecological impacts of microplastics in multi environmental media and suggested further perspectives to figure out potential impacts on ecosystems.