Albay and Leyte Provinces in the Philippines were hit by typhoons of a similar, highly destructive magnitude. Typhoon Glenda struck Albay in July, 2014 while Typhoon Yolanda hit Leyte in November, 2013. These two provinces face similar levels of disas...
Albay and Leyte Provinces in the Philippines were hit by typhoons of a similar, highly destructive magnitude. Typhoon Glenda struck Albay in July, 2014 while Typhoon Yolanda hit Leyte in November, 2013. These two provinces face similar levels of disaster vulnerability, such as geographical and socio-economic vulnerability, and had established comparable risk reduction systems prior to the disasters. Yet, while Yolanda caused thousands of casualties among the devastation it wrought, Glenda resulted in hardly any loss of human life. Social capital seems to be the most promising candidate as the critical variable impacting upon the differenced in loss of human life in two disasters.
This study explores how three types of social capital (bonding, bridging, and linking) contribute to an increase or decrease in casualties in times of disaster. it argues that the contributions of social capital during the early warning and evacuation phases of the disaster management cycle explain the variance in lives lost. The research adopts a comparative case study model based on qualitative data from 28 individual and group interviews with 184 interviewees conducted in 2018, and a six-week-long participant observation in 2014. Analysis uses traditional cultural values to provide additional interpretations of the data.
Findings indicate that in both provinces, all three types of social capital strongly relate to human loss; the stronger social capital a community has built, the fewer lives are lost in times of disaster. However, the level of each type of social capital contributed differently, which explains the difference in the number of causalities. Bonding social capital between family and neighbors was equally strong in both provinces, whereas the level of bridging social capital with communities and NGOs differed. Strong bridging social capital depended on how long and how closes NGOs worked with the community. Linking social capital embedded between communities and local governments showed the largest difference in the two provinces studied. This difference stemmed from a different level of trust communities had developed in local governments which had built by regular contact and frequent communication over a long period of time.
Findings of this study imply that building social capital with local governments and NGOs in normal times should be emphasized as an important element in disaster risk reduction. This study contributes to disaster studies by exploring social capital as a critical variable which shows a strong relation with loss of human life in disasters, and by focusing on the early warning and evacuation phases before disaster while existing research mainly dwells on immediate response and recovery after disaster occurred.