Section I. Introduction to fluorescent probes and microscopy
Fluorescence methods are particularly useful owing to the widespread use and the development of new functional fluorescent reagents monitoring cellular events with high chemoselectivity. Als...
Section I. Introduction to fluorescent probes and microscopy
Fluorescence methods are particularly useful owing to the widespread use and the development of new functional fluorescent reagents monitoring cellular events with high chemoselectivity. Also it has advantageous features such as high sensitivity, fast-responding time, non-invasiveness, and safe detection using readily available instruments at low costs.
The nature world is a complex collection of elements, ion and molecules that continuously drive a web of interacting chemical reactions. All chemical species undergo dynamic molecular transformations and/or changes in their local environment within the biological milieu; thus, an emerging bio-inspired strategy for fluorescence-based molecular imaging is a suitable methology to sort and identify species of interest within this complex mixture. Therefore, over the last several decades, there has been a remarkable growth in the use of small-molecule fluorescent probes in the biological sciences by tagging non-fluorescent molecules of interest with a fluorescent moiety to visualize the molecules. However, as the tagging strategy involves a large increase in size and the weight, it is not appropriate to apply in monitoring small bio-molecules such as adenosine phosphates, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and biothiols. Therefore, reaction based small-molecule fluorescent probes come into the spotlight since it can detect small molecules by minimizing the interference and biorthogonal to the endogenous chemical species.
Section II. Improving the reliability of fluorescence signal in microscopic imaging of cells and tissues
As fluorescence microscopy has been evolved and applied, many fluorescence instrumentations have been invented, improved, supplied, and generalized. Along with the development of instrumentations, fluorescent probes also have been developed to visualize bio-anayltes that researchers are willing to observe. By this time, numerous numbers of small biomolecules have been observed by fluorescent probes designed for each of target analytes with chemoselectivity.
In observing target analytes in living organisms, all the information comes out in the form of a fluorescence signaling (light). Therefore, observations such as tracking the analytes, changes in concentration, and/or changes the form of chemical species are happening by observing and analysing the light. In this aspect, reliability of fluorescence signal should be the number on priority to be ensured. However, even in this moment, many efforts are being made to observe and analyze the fluorescent signal coming out from cells or tissues based on in vitro assay results and/or standard curves obtained in solution; since the environment of cells and tissues are far different with that of solutions, it causes significant errors when it comes to the analysis.
In this section, it is introduced the systematic studies for evaluating reliability of fluorescence signal coming out from cells and tissues with confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy, repectively. Eventually, the final goal of this section is to suggest the way to improve the reliability of fluorescence signal coming out from living organisms so it diminishes errors in the analysis.
Section III. Ratiometric imaging of biomolecules in intact living organism for quantitative analysis
Recently, spotlight on this research field has moved to the quantitative analysis beyond the observation. However, fluorescent signal itself is highly sensitive to the environment, use of intensity-based probes provides less reliable information on the target analyte. On the other hands, ratiometric probes based on the use of a ratio between two fluorescence intensities allow the correction of errors caused by bleaching, changes in focus, concentration, environmental difference, and variations in laser power. Instead of intensity-based fluorescent probes, therefore, ratiometric type of fluorescent probes are now on focus to develop.
In this section, by applying the ratiometric method with reliable fluorescent signal improved in section II, endogenous biomolcules such as ATP, HCHO, and HOCl are quantitativly imaged in living cells and tissues which imply many of un-revealed informations.