This study is a review on the regulation on spreading the false fact especially the fake news. Fake news is spreading through not only the internet but also the real paper which looks like a real newspaper in Korea. Fake News which is spreading widely...
This study is a review on the regulation on spreading the false fact especially the fake news. Fake news is spreading through not only the internet but also the real paper which looks like a real newspaper in Korea. Fake News which is spreading widely and can be a serious threat to the nation and the society needs to be ruled but there are no law ruling the fake news and even the concept of the fake news is not set. The definition needs to be set for the purpose of setting the concept. The concept for figuring out the social phenomenon spreading the fake news needs to be defined as ‘the wrong information which is made and spread by intention of the misunderstanding on the fact’. But for regulation, the concept needs to be defined narrowly. Because the Freedom of Press can be restricted by the regulation on Fake news.
Some Fake News can be ruled by the current law such as ‘CRIMINAL ACT’, ‘ACT ON PROMOTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK UTILIZATION AND INFORMATION PROTECTION, ETC.’, ‘PUBLIC OFFICIAL ELECTION ACT’, ‘ACT ON PRESS ARBITRATION AND REMEDIES, ETC. FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY PRESS REPORTS’. These laws are ruling spreading false facts that can be invasion of human rights, interrupting the public election process, and the action which is banned by ‘NATIONAL SECURITY ACT’. If the Fake News does not include false facts that can break the law above, even it has the false fact that can be a serious threat to the nation and the society, that kind of Fake News can not be ruled.
The reason that the Fake News can not be ruled is the judgement on ‘FRAMEWORK ACT ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS’ being by the Constitutional Court of Korea, in 2010. The Constitutional Court of Korea clarified that the Article 47 (1) ‘A person who has publicly made a false communication over the telecommunications facilities and equipment for the purpose of harming the public interest shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than five years or by a fine not exceeding fifty million won’ is unconstitutional. The reason of the judgement is that ‘the purpose of harming the public interest’ is not clear enough to interpret. But even the Article 47 (1) is unconstitutional, ‘false communication’ is a clear concept to be interpret. And ‘false communication’ is under protection of Constitution. Even Fake News can be ruled and the person who make Fake News can be punished, the law which rule the Fake News need to be applied the Principle of Proportionality.
The Tatbestand(elements of an offence) of the law which rule Fake News need to include ‘the form of the press’, ‘false facts’ which can be proved, ‘willfulness or willful negligence to spread the false fact in form of the press’ and the special intention such as ‘to affect policy making process’, ‘to get advertising earnings only’, ‘to bring about social conflict’, and ‘to bring about conflict between nations’ etc. The principle of proportionality requires the purpose of legislation, the effective and adequate means, minimum invasion on fundamental rights, and the balance of legal interests.
The role of the Press in democratic society and the trust in the Press can be the purpose of the legislation. And imposing out the punishment for spreading Fake News is an effective and adequate mean. Because the other means, such as giving ISP the power and duty to delete or check what is the Fake News can be more intrusive. Cause the concept ‘false fact’ can be clearly interpreted, the punishment is a posteriori control, and negligence is not punished, the law meet the requirement that the law invade on human rights minimally. And Cause the law operate just when the endangerment occur clearly, the regulation is content neutral, and the influence of the Fake News is same as the real news, the balance of legal interest can be satisfied.