This study analyzes the factors influencing the use of parental leave and job continuity among female workers. The purpose is to suggest policy implications for the improvement of parental leave so as to prevent career interruption. It examined whethe...
This study analyzes the factors influencing the use of parental leave and job continuity among female workers. The purpose is to suggest policy implications for the improvement of parental leave so as to prevent career interruption. It examined whether the parental leave is appropriately achieving the goal of supporting work-family reconciliation for female workers during the continuous expansion of the system especially after 2011. Therefore, using the data of Korean Labor and Income Panel Study 14-17 (2011 - 2014), the subject is the female workers with children under the age of 6 in accordance with the qualification entitlements at the time.
In order to prevent career disruption, there should be no difference in utilization of parental leave according to the characteristics of female workers and return to the original workplace should be guaranteed as well. Therefore, this study conducted two steps of analysis. In the first step, it analyzed factors including individual, household, and job characteristics that cause difference in the use of parental leave. In the second step, the effects of parental leave as well as individual, household, and job characteristics were examined using the continuity of work in the original work as a dependent variable.
The results of the study are as follows.
First, there was a difference in the use of parental leave depending on the characteristics of female workers. Female workers with lower age or higher education level were more likely to take parental leave. In terms of job characteristics, as compared with the managerial and professional groups, those who belong to the office worker group were more likely to take parental leave. Compared to the workplace with less than 30 persons, bigger ones with 30-100 persons, 100-300 persons, and 300 persons or more were likely to take leave. Regarding type of employment, irregular workers compared to full-time workers were not able to take leave.
Second, the use of parental leave did not have a significant effect on the continuity of work in the primary workplace. This result is different from the research hypothesis, which suggests that the use of parental leave will have a negative impact on the continuity of work. In other words, it can be said that the use of parental leave is not disadvantageous to the continuance of work, as compared with the case of not using it. However, it can be inferred that the reason is because the workers in a very limited area of jobs are able to take leave. On the other hand, it is possible that other important characteristics might have been overlooked. For example, the use of parental leave may have a significant influence on the continuity of work if it is used with childcare service.
Third, the use of parental leave does not have a significant effect on job continuity. On the other hand, age, education level, support for care, childcare service were influential. In other words, female workers with lower age, higher education level, no support for care, or childcare service were more likely to continue their work at the original workplace.
Based on the results of the study, implications are as follows.
First, it is necessary to expand the paternity leave in substance so that there is no difference in the utilization of paternity leave depending on the characteristics of job. The fact that the use of the parental leave is highly influenced by job characteristics raises the possibility that enlargement of the system, such as eligibility and level of allowance, may intensify differences among workers. Therefore, it is necessary to provide various incentives such as alternative labor pools and cost support at the government level so that all female workers can substantially take leave. On the other hand, the limitation of the system itself is large, so it should be changed to cover irregular workers and self-employed persons. In addition, the upper limit of the allowance is 1 million won, which makes it difficult to maintain a substantial life and the number of recipients is limited as well. Therefore, there should be raise in the benefit level and enable workers to utilize the system.
Second, It is necessary to reinforce the system to ensure workers to return to their original workplace. As can be seen from the analysis of job continuity, it was found that workers who work in relatively stable and high - quality jobs were able to easily utilize the system and continue work. This suggests that workers who work at the business which does not substantially guarantee return to the workplace are hard to take leave. Further, even for the case of leave takers, there is high possibility of career interruption. Meanwhile, it has to be considered that many female workers start their own business or choose to quit in spite of the guarantee of returning to the original workplace due to gender discrimination in the workplace or the low quality of job.
Third, in addition to ensuring the effectiveness of the parental leave, childcare services must be actively co-ordinated. The result has shown that the use of childcare services positively affects the possibility to continue work at the original workplace. However, there is still a lack of trust in the quality of childcare services, and public facilities are too limited in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the importance of childcare services and to reduce parents' burden through improvement of the quality of childcare services and the quantitative expansion of public facilities.
Fourth, it is necessary to expand the benefits for childcare leave. In this study, it was difficult to make accurate analysis of the paid leave since female workers who took paid leave took only 3.2% of the whole. This means that even if the social burden of financing has been achieved, there are many workers with no qualifying conditions such as the period of entitlement. Currently, Korea provides benefits through unemployment insurance. Therefore, in order to improve the effectiveness of parental leave, it is necessary to relax the conditions of the paid leave. In the long term, it would be desirable to place financial burden on health insurance rather than unemployment insurance in order to cover all wage earners and the self-employed as well.