은둔형 외톨이의 정신분석적 연구 : 영화 '김씨 표류기' 를 중심으로 = Psychoanalytic study of the ‘A secluded loner’ : focusing on the movie ‘Castaway on the moon’

국문 초록 (Abstract)

<국문초록>


은둔형 외톨이의 정신분석적 연구:
영화 ‘김씨 표류기’를 중심으로



김 나 미



본 연구자는 은둔형 외톨이들이 현실과의 관계에서 철수하는 행동 뒤에는 그들만의 복잡한 심리가 숨겨져 있을 것이라 생각했으며, 그러한 복잡성은 몇 가지 정신적 진단만으로는 이해하기 어렵다고 보았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 연구자는 최근 몇 년 동안 급속도로 증가한 ‘은둔형 외톨이’ 의 현상에 대해 정신분석적 문헌연구를 통해 그 원인에 대한 분석을 시도하였다.
지금까지 은둔형 외톨이의 문제가 사회적으로 드러난 심각성에도 불구하고 이들에 대한 이해와 치료는 여전히 그 원인을 파악하여 치료의 방향을 잡기가 어려운 것으로 알려져 있다. 이렇게 치료적 접근이 난해한 이유는 은둔형 외톨이라는 성향 자체가 자신의 내면으로 들어가는 폐쇄성을 띠고 있기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 또한 이미 은둔형 외톨이로 알려진 기존의 사례 연구에서 보면 이들의 생활양식이 때때로 생명을 위협할 정도의 병리적인 증상들을 나타내고 있지만 그들의 정서나 인지정도는 평범한 사람들과 비슷한 정도를 보여 주고 있다. 따라서 이들은 자신들의 폐쇄적인 생활방식에 대해 고통스러워하지만, 한편으로는 이미 생활패턴으로 자리 잡고 성격으로 굳어져서 어떻게 은둔으로부터 탈출할지 점점 어려워지는 것으로 추측해 볼 수 있다.
이와 같이 그들의 은둔방식은 한순간의 사건으로 결정된 것이 아니라 유아기부터 경험해온 환경의 영향과 그로인한 대상관계에서의 어려움 때문인 것으로 보인다. 이러한 가정을 가지고 연구자는 영화 ‘김씨 표류기‘에 나오는 두 주인공의 이야기를 간접 임상사례로 채택하여 그들의 심리적 현상에 대해 다음과 같은 의문을 제기해 보았다.
첫째, 여자 김씨가 겪어온 심리적 갈등의 지속과 축적이 어떻게 현실대상과의 단절에 영향을 미치고 은둔으로 진입하게 했는지 살펴보았다. 둘째, 여자 김씨에게 신체적 및 정신적 건강의 위협이 있음에도 불구하고 장기적 은둔을 가능하게 하는 심리적 구조가 무엇인지 탐색해보았다. 셋째, 영화 ’김씨 표류기‘ 의 두 김씨를 통하여 은둔형 외톨이들이 은둔으로부터 벗어 날 수 있는 심리적 가능성이 무엇인지 살펴보았다.
이러한 연구 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻게 되었다.
첫째, 유아시절 침범적 양육환경은 침범에 반응하는 방식으로 성격형성에 영향을 주고 이로 인해 거짓자기와 참자기의 불균형을 이루게 된다. 따라서 외적위험이 닥쳐올 때 건강하지 못한 투사적 동일시를 통해 박해불안은 더 가중되고 끝내는 은둔으로 도피하는 상황이 되는 것으로 추정해 볼 수 있다.
둘째, 은둔이후 박해불안은 물론이고 때때로 죽음 본능이 우세해져서 심리적으로 어려울 뿐만 아니라 또한 현실도피를 위한 자기애적 퇴행이 일어나게 된다. 이 자기애적 퇴행으로 은둔자들의 방은 엄마의 자궁과 같이 편안한 거처로 인식하게 되기도 하지만 장기적으로 머물고 싶은 도착적 구조를 형성하면서 ‘정신적 은신처’로서의 병리적 조직의 형태를 띠게 된다. 이러한 이유로 장기적인 은둔에 돌입할 수 있는 방어적 구조가 형성되는 것으로 볼 수 있다.
셋째, 장기적 은둔에도 불구하고 이들이 은둔에서 벗어날 수 있었던 이유는 현실과의 접촉점을 찾으려는 노력 때문인 것으로 보인다. 여자 김씨는 중간대상과 인터넷을 통해 대상과 접촉을 끊지 않았고, 망원경을 통해 자신과 비슷한 또 다른 은둔형 외톨이 같은 남자 김씨를 만나게 됨으로써 실제적인 관계를 통해 서로가 성장하게 된다. 여자 김씨가 은둔으로부터 벗어날 수 있었던 요인은 남자 김씨와의 담는 것과 담아주는 것으로서의 상호주관적 관계를 통해 성장할 수 있었던 것으로 보인다. 이 만남을 통해 박해적인 대상이라고 인식했던 주변 인물들에 대해 수용하고 직면할 수 있는 힘을 얻게 된 것으로 보인다. 이러한 수용은 다시금 은둔에서 나올 수 있게 하고 결국 자신의 정체성을 찾게 된다.
결론적으로 은둔형 외톨이들의 은둔현상은 엄마의 자궁에서 장기적인 쉼으로 인해 퇴행적이고 병리적인 모습을 보이기도 하지만 또 다른 재탄생을 위해 몸부림치는 의미 있는 시간들로 볼 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 은둔형 외톨이들에 대한 치료적 접근의 어려움에 한 가닥 실마리를 제공하고 그들에게 가졌던 편견에 대해서도 정신분석적 이론을 통해 작게나마 이해하는 계기가 되었다고 본다. 앞으로도 이러한 계기를 통해 은둔형 외톨이의 원인의 다양성을 고려하여 이에 대한 후속연구는 좀 더 광범위하고 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 보인다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• Ⅰ.서론 ······································································································ 1
• 1. 연구동기와 목적 ··············································································· 1
• 2. 연구 방법과 구성 ············································································· 4
• 3. 연구 문제 ·························································································· 4
• Ⅱ.문헌연구 ····························································································· 5
• 1. 프로이트 이론 ·················································································· 5
• 1) 죽음 본능과 생명 본능 ································································ 5
• 2) 자기애 ···························································································· 7
• 3) 자기애적 퇴행 ·············································································· 7
• 2. 클라인 이론 ····················································································· 8
• 1) 편집-분열적 자리········································································· 8
• 2) 우울적 자리 ················································································· 9
• 3) 스타이너의 병리적 인격조직 ·················································· 11
• 3. 비온의 상호주관성 이론 ····························································· 12
• 1) 투사와 투사적 동일시 ······························································ 12
• 2) 투사적 전이 동일시 ·································································· 13
• 3) 담는 것 ↔ 담기는 것 ······························································· 14
• 4) 변형과 발달 ··············································································· 16
• (1) O의 변형 ················································································ 16
• (2) P-S→D와 P-S↔D ····························································· 16
• 4. 위니캇의 주요 이론 ···································································· 18
• 1) 환경적 영향 ·············································································· 18
• 2) 홀로 있을 수 있는 능력 ·························································· 19
• 3) 침범 ··························································································· 20
• 4) 거짓자기와 참자기 ·································································· 21
• 5) 중간대상 ··················································································· 22
• 6) 중간대상의 왜곡 ····································································· 24
• 7) 일차적 모성 몰두 ···································································· 25
• Ⅲ 영화 ‘ 김씨 표류기 ’ 분석 ··························································· 26
• 1. 영화의 줄거리 ············································································ 26
• 2. 영화 분석 및 논의 ····································································· 30
• 1) 은둔형 외톨이가 되기까지의 배경 ······································ 30
• (1) 침범 받았던 삶을 살았던 김씨 ········································· 30
• (2) 거짓자기의 출현 ································································· 32
• 2) 은둔형 외톨이의 초입으로의 진행 ····································· 36
• (1) 비난하는 박해자들로부터 도피한 김씨 ·························· 36
• (2) 현실과의 단절 그리고 은둔과 죽음 ································· 40
• (3) 퇴행한 김씨의 자궁에서의 삶 ·········································· 44
• 3. 은신처에서의 발달과 고착 ····················································· 47
• 1) 중간대상을 통해 성장하는 김 씨 ······································· 47
• 2) 은둔을 고착 시키는 주물 대상 ··········································· 49
• 4. 은둔에서 벗어나기 위한 노력들 ··········································· 52
• 1) 망원경을 통한 두 남녀의 만남 ········································· 52
• 2) 두 김씨의 시련을 통한 성장 ··············································· 55
• 3) 운명을 회피했던 김씨의 모습 ············································ 57
• 4) 담는 것과 담아주는 것으로 성장한 두 김씨 ···················· 59
• 5) 두 김씨의 조각 맞추기 ························································ 63
• Ⅵ 결론 및 제언 ·············································································· 67
• 참고문헌 ·························································································· 70