The purpose of this study is to examine the 'civilization theory' of Yun Chi Ho(1865-1945). It examines how the 'civilization theory' was formed and how it functioned during the historical context of the enlightenment period and colonization. Historic...
The purpose of this study is to examine the 'civilization theory' of Yun Chi Ho(1865-1945). It examines how the 'civilization theory' was formed and how it functioned during the historical context of the enlightenment period and colonization. Historically it is true that Yun Chi Ho showed pro-Japanese behavior. Therefore previous research interpreted Yun Chi Ho's ideological characteristics as the cause and foundation of his pro-Japanese behavior. However the present study criticizes the limitations and problems of such historical interpretation and presents a new differentiated viewpoint.
In previous research the life of Yun Chi Ho was analyzed in two ways. In one viewpoint he is portrayed as an intellectual who tried to maintain Joseon's independence and civilization during the enlightenment period. In another viewpoint he is portrayed as a Japanese collaborator during the Japanese colonial period. Historians concentrated on finding intellectual continuity between the two periods and found the roots of his pro-Japanese behavior during the colonial period in his thought of the enlightenment period. Also Yun Chi Ho was accused of abandoning the path of independence and instead walking the path of collaboration with the Japanese in accordance with the 'power politics' worldview prevalent at the time. This study raises objections to such interpretation.
Generally Korean historians have always placed priority on 'anti-Japanese' behavior shown within and without Korea when evaluating individuals from the Japanese colonial period. However, intellectuals within colonial Joseon who had to co-exist with the oppression of the Japanese empire could not strongly exhibit 'resistance'. Placed in the worst of conditions such as life within a colony some Joseon intelletuals collaborated with Japanese policy for the purpose of 'subsistence' and 'civilization' of the Joseon people. Such behavior was historically evaluated as being 'pro-Japanese'. Likewise Yun Chi Ho is evaluated as an individual who showed pro-Japanese behavior. However, the logic of being 'anti-Japanese' or 'pro-Japanese' as a basis of historical interpretation has limitations of not being able to precisely analyse an individual's life.
In conclusion, it is true that Yun Chi Ho showed pro-Japanese behavior. However he did not 'betray his nation'. Therefore this study raises the need to differentiate between being 'pro-Japanese' and 'betraying one's nation' when evaluating individuals from the colonial period. Thereupon Yun Chi Ho's life during the colonial period was 'pro-Japanese' but he did not 'betray his nation'. Also, when analyzing the thoughts and central values of those who lived during the late-Joseon and colonial period there is a strong tendency to emphasize only the socio-political aspects. However, when analyzing the thoughts of Yun Chi Ho priority should be given to the individual's moral awakening and spiritual values rather than the socio-political aspects.
Taking notice of these points, this study re-analyzises the characteristics of Yun Chi Ho's thought and examines what kind of life he lived during the late Joseon and colonial period. This study re-interprets the 'pro-Japanese' label that is placed on Yun Chi Ho. Also this study defines Yun Chi Ho's representative thought as 'the theory of Christian civilization' and analyzises how he applied this theory in reality. This study analyzes the meaning of 'Japanese collaboration', 'Chistian civilization' and 'civilization' and makes clear that his was one of many methodologies of the Independance movement.
Yun Chi Ho's life is divided into five periods: his childhood period, the period of study in Japan, period of study in China and the United States, the Daehan empire period and the Japanese colonial period. Throughout these five periods Yun Chi Ho is involved in a series of political and social activities. Concerning the formation of his ideology his induction and baptism into the Southern Methodist church is important.
Firstly, Yun Chi Ho was born as a Chungin in the social status society of the Joseon period. Therefore there were limitations placed on his political and social growth. For such reasons Yun Chi Ho decided to study in Japan. Through his study in Japan he was able to experience modern Western civilization. Through this experience Yun Chi Ho became aware of the problems of Joseon society. He became aware of the necessity for independence and reform in Joseon.
Through his study of English which he acquired in Japan as a background Yun Chi Ho entered the political arena of Joseon as an interpreter for the American counselate. He had exchanges with people of the Enlightenment party who had similar political goals and also had close exchanges with members of the royal family and the Yoheung Min clan. However his exchnges with these people where mainly political and his personal reliance on them was weak. Also during his political activities he encountered strong social discrimonation and rejection from the Yangban ruling class. He was also able to witness first hand the corruption and inability of the Joseon government. He slowly came to realize that he could not achieve his goals of political reform due to his status limitations and the corruption and inability of the Joseon government.
Subsequently the Gapsin coup d'etat occurred and although he was not directly involved in the movement, he was viewed with suspicion because of his close ties with the Enlightenment party. Therefore Yun Chi Ho decided to study in China. He spent the next ten years studying in China and the United States. During this period he received a Christian baptism and for the rest of his life much importance was placed on moral awakening and spiritual values. He also began to realize that only 'Christian civilization' could make the Joseon people strong.
Meanwhile during his study overseas, he was able to face the internal problems of Joseon and acknowledged that the fundamental problem lay with the Joseon government. He perceived the Joseon court as a 'barbaric government' that harassed it's own people. He differentiated between the 'court/government' and the 'people' and saw that the barbaric actions of the government suppressed the superior talents of the people. He firmly believed that 'Christian civilization' was the best way to strengthen the people.
In order to realize 'Christian civilization' Yun Chi Ho actively supported the dissemination of Christianity and accelerated the erection of utopian villages which he thought was the essence of 'Christian civilization'. However, the utopian village movement failed and Joseon became a Japanese colony. He was imprisoned for three years due to the '105 man incident' but his belief in 'Christian civilization' did not disappear.
He tried to realize the indigenization, self-suppport and autonomy of the Joseon church and brought about the integration of the Northern and Southern Methodist churches and saw hope for the establishment of 'Christian civilization'. He believed the independence of Joseon could be achieved by slowly nurturing the cultural elements of industrial education, patriotism, public welfare and intellect to the people within the framework of 'Christian civilization'. He also believed this could prevent harmful side effects after the gaining of independence.
Yun Chi Ho's 'Christian civilization' progressed steadily even during the period when Japan's rule of Joseon took extreme forms such as the 'forceful integration policy' period. Even when the Japanese forced the 'forceful integration policy' upon Yun Chi Ho, he knew from his knowledge of international politics that the Japanese policy could not succeed. Therefore Yun Chi Ho tried his best to minimize harm from the Japanese while gaining benefits for his people. Undoubtedly Yun Chi Ho showed pro-Japanese behavior during this period. However his behavior was not that of 'betraying his people'. Rather he accepted Japanese policies on the basis of his confidence in 'Christian civilization'.
Although 'Christian civilization' which progressed amidst Yun Chi Ho's beliefs did not leave any visible results, it can still be seen as a method of gradually achieving Joseon's independence. The nutriment from which Korea earned it's incidental independence and the subsequent development of Korean society was education, industry and sense of public welfare which Yun Chi Ho had emphasized.