본 논문은 번뇌는 무엇이고 왜 일어나는가(苦 · 集諦), 번뇌를 소멸시키는 방법은 무엇인가(道諦), 번뇌를 없애면 어떻게 되는가(滅諦)의 세 가지 의문, 즉 煩惱論, 修行論, 證果論에 대해 초...

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본 논문은 번뇌는 무엇이고 왜 일어나는가(苦 · 集諦), 번뇌를 소멸시키는 방법은 무엇인가(道諦), 번뇌를 없애면 어떻게 되는가(滅諦)의 세 가지 의문, 즉 煩惱論, 修行論, 證果論에 대해 초...
본 논문은 번뇌는 무엇이고 왜 일어나는가(苦 · 集諦), 번뇌를 소멸시키는 방법은 무엇인가(道諦), 번뇌를 없애면 어떻게 되는가(滅諦)의 세 가지 의문, 즉 煩惱論, 修行論, 證果論에 대해 초기불교 혹은 남방불교와 간화선이 각각 어떻게 생각하는 가를 비교하는 것이다.
이를 위해 기존의 2차 자료들을 종합 분석하며, 국내외 관련서적과 연구논문, 보고서 그리고 관련자료 등을 분석하고 필요한 범위 내에서 언론 보도 자료 및 인터넷자료를 참고하고자 한다.
사마타의 수증체계에서는 선정을 방해하는 번뇌와 이를 對治하는 선정의 다섯 가지 요소로부터 출발하여 근접 삼매와 본삼매 8선정 그리고 멸진정에 대해 알아본다. 그리고 사마타 선정의 이익과 신통(초월지)에 대해 주로 『청정도론』을 통해 연구할 것이다.
위빳사나의 수증체계에서도 역시 깨달음을 방해하는 번뇌에 대해 다루고 이에 대한 위빳사나 수행 방법을 알아볼 것이다. 주로 『청정도론』과 『아비담마』 해설서를 중심으로 하고 『구사론』을 보조로 해서 연구할 것이다.
간화선 수행체계에 대해서는 먼저 초기 선종의 종지와 수행법을 살펴보고 특히 頓悟설의 근거로서 『대승기신론』을 살펴볼 것이다.
본 연구에서는 오매일여를 간화선의 핵심으로 보고 간화삼매의 목표를 一念不起 즉 無念의 관점에서 간화선을 煩惱論과 修證論의 對治 관계를 도입하여 고찰해보고, 여기에 대혜종고, 無門慧開(1183~1260), 고봉원묘, 蒙山德異(1231~ 1308), 퇴옹성철의 다섯 분의 간화선사로 한정하여 살펴보려고 한다.
마지막으로 사마타·위빳사나와 간화선의 수증체계 비교는 번뇌(집제)→ 수행(도제)→ 증과(멸제)의 방법을 사용할 것이다.
다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)
‘Ganhwa Seon’ (看話禪), originally oriented by ‘Dahui Zonggao’ (大慧宗杲) of Song Dynasty, was introduced in the middle of Goryeo and it has been inherited so far as representative method of meditation of Korean Buddhism. Although Samat...
‘Ganhwa Seon’ (看話禪), originally oriented by ‘Dahui Zonggao’ (大慧宗杲) of Song Dynasty, was introduced in the middle of Goryeo and it has been inherited so far as representative method of meditation of Korean Buddhism. Although Samatha and Vipassanā of Theravada were transmitted from China long time ago as the methods of meditation taught by Sakyamuni, their tradition had been discontinued so that Korean practitioners are learning from Theravada, especially from Myanmar.
Through the development of Buddhism, Ganhwa Seon was originated to reach Buddha’s enlightenment much faster than Samatha or Vipassanā so ‘Bojo Jinul’ (普照知訥; 1158~1210) of Goryeo referred it as ‘shortcut’(徑截門).
Unfortunately, however, the way Korean practitioners taught has not been continued as it was in Song Dynasty or in Goryeo. So this study aims to compare Ganhwa Seon to Samatha and Vipassanā of Theravada and finally to suggest the way to develop modern Ganhwa Seon by accepting necessary parts of Samatha and Vipassanā
This study has four features. Firstly, this study considers all of Samatha, Vipassana and Ganhwa Seon as methods of practice to Samadhi.
Samatha is a method which terminates emotional and volitional afflictions so that practitioners concentrate on ‘eight levels of Samadhi’(八禪定) to liberate from every desire.
On the other hand, Vipassanā is a method that practitioners regard body and soul as devoid of ‘marks’ (無常), ‘suffering’ (苦), and ‘no-self’ (無我). They extinguish intellectual afflictions by concentrating on‘three kinds of Samadhi’ (三三昧) and finally liberate from not-knowing.
Compare to two methods mentioned above, Ganhwa Seon makes practitioners concentrate on Samadhi through raising doubts from the ‘key phrases’ (話頭). In the state of being full of doubts they suddenly find enlightenment with breaking all ‘doubt mass’ (疑團).
This study analyzes the ‘Analects of Dahui’ (大慧語錄) and divides the courses of Samadhi into four levels that are ‘Negation of past and future’ (前後際斷), ‘Sameness of movement and stillness’ (動靜一如), ‘Continuous awareness whether awake or asleep’ (寤寐一如), and ‘Rebirth up against death’ (死中得活).
Secondly, this study introduces the healing system against afflictions of Samatha and Vipassanā to Ganhwa Seon. It is written by ‘Hyeonsu Fazang’ (賢首法藏, 643~712) of Tang Dynasty in ‘Dasheng qixinlun yiji’(大乘起信論義記) which matches extinction of ‘3 minimal afflictions and 6 harsh afflictions’ (三細六麤) and ‘Flower adornment’s ten kinds of cognition’ (華嚴十地).
Thirdly, all three methods pursue ‘lacking thought’ (無心) or ‘being free from thought’ (無念), which means being free from all of desires and obsessions. However according to Ganhwa Seon, Theravada never reaches the Budda’s state as it doesn’t know Māhayāna’s ‘ālayavijñāna’.
Finally, afflictions which have to be terminated, Samatha, Vipassanā, Samadhi of practicing Ganhwa Seon and status of practice are systematized into a table.
Through this study, I hope practitioners of Ganhwa Seon to know correct steps of practice and to achieve goals not losing their way as well.
Key words: Ganhwa Seon (看話禪), Samatha, Vipassanā, Dahui Zonggao (大慧宗杲), eight levels of Samadhi (八禪定), three kinds of Samadhi (三三昧), key phrases (話頭), doubt mass (疑團), Analects of Dahui (大慧語錄), lacking thought (無心), being free from thought (無念)
목차 (Table of Contents)