韓國과 中國 포타쉬유리의 特性 比較 : 金海 進永 遺蹟 유리구슬을 기초로

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 김해 진영 2지구 Ⅱ구역의 삼국시대 분묘와 조선시대 분묘에서 출토된 유리 파편을 대상으로 단면 분석을 수행하고 특이한 유리구슬에 대하여 비파괴 표면 분석을 진행하여 시대 흐름에 따라 나타나는 유리구슬의 제작 기법과 화학 조성의 변화를 비교해 보았다. 또한 김해 진영 유리에서 대다수를 차지하는 포타쉬유리군에 대하여 한중 양국간의 포타쉬유리 특성과 변천을 비교하여 한국 포타쉬유리군의 교역에 관한 가능성을 제시해 보았다.
김해 진영의 삼국시대 유리구슬은 감청색 환옥이 주된 유형이고 이외에 흑색, 자색, 벽색, 청록색, 황색 환옥 등이 소량 확인된다. 화학 조성은 포타쉬유리 23점과 소다유리 9점이다. 포타쉬유리군은 감청색과 자색 구슬로 안정제인 CaO과 Al2O3 함량이 낮은 Ⅰ형에 해당된다. Ⅰ형은 포타쉬유리가 출현하는 기원전 1세기부터 기원후 6세기까지 지속적으로 확인되는 유형으로 감청색과 자색의 포타쉬유리는 대부분 이 유형으로 분류된다. 반면 소다유리군은 감청색, 벽색, 청록색, 황색, 흑색으로 다양한 유리구슬이 포함되며 CaO과 Al2O3 함량 5%를 기준으로 Al2O3 함량이 높은 LCHA계와 CaO 함량이 높은 LCA-B계 및 HCLA계로 구분된다. 전자는 동남아시아 지역에서 출토되는 것으로 알려진 유리로 벽색, 청록색, 황색 유리가 포함되며, 후자는 서역계 유리로 감청색과 흑색 유리에서 확인된다.
김해 진영의 조선시대 유리구슬은 갈색의 환옥이 가장 많은 수량을 차지하며 이외에 녹색, 청록색, 벽색, 무색, 감청색의 화형옥, 코일유리, 표주박형과 같은 특이형 구슬이 확인된다. 화학 조성은 포타쉬유리 17점, 알칼리혼합유리 9점, 납유리 4점로 삼국시대와 차이를 보인다. 안정제에 따른 분류에서 포타쉬유리는 CaO 함량이 5% 이상인 HCLA계, 알칼리혼합유리는 CaO과 Al2O3 함량이 모두 5% 이상인 HCA계, 납유리는 CaO과 Al2O3 함량이 모두 낮은 LCA계로 분류된다.
중국의 포타쉬유리군은 한국보다 이른 전국시대 BC 5C경 호남성의 长沙 고분에서 납바륨유리와 함께 최초로 발견되었으며 이후 한나라시대가 되면 광동성과 광서성을 중심으로 대량 출토되기 시작한다. 화학 조성은 CaO와 Al2O3의 안정제 함량에 따라 3가지로 세분된다. 첫 번째 유형은 Al2O3 3% 이상, CaO 1% 이하이며 미량성분인 Zr, Ti는 높고 Sr은 낮은 특징을 보인다. 두 번째 유형은 Al2O3와 CaO 함량이 1～2%이며 미량성분인 Zr, Ti, Sr의 함량은 낮다. 세 번째 유형은 Al2O3와 CaO의 함량이 3% 이상이며 미량성분인 Ti, Sr의 함량이 높다. 이들은 융제 원료로서 첫 번째와 두 번째 유형은 천연초석(KNO3), 세 번째 유형은 식물의 재인 초목회가 사용된 것으로 추정하고 있다.
중국 포타쉬유리에 대한 기원은 중원 지역의 자기 기술과 관련한 견해와 인도 혹은 동남아시아에서 바닷길을 통해 교역된 것이라는 견해가 있으나 일반적으로 후자로 인식되고 있다. 포타쉬유리가 확인된 광서성의 合浦县는 한나라시대의 해외 항구이며 중국 南疆에서 중요한 정치, 경제, 문화의 중심지 중 하나이기 때문이다. 중국 포타쉬유리의 기원에 관한 견해를 고려할 때, 한국 포타쉬유리의 기원은 3가지 가능성을 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 포타쉬유리가 중국 자기 기술에 의한 자국 생산이라고 가정하였을 경우 중국에서 육로로 유입되었을 가능성이 있다. 둘째, 인도나 동남아시아에서 해로를 통해 중국에 유입된 경우에 동일 경로로 유입되었을 가능성이 있다. 셋째는 한국의 경우 중국보다 늦은 BC 1C부터 출토되므로 인도나 동남아시아에서 해로를 통해 중국에 유입된 육로로 한국에 유입되었을 가능성이 있다. 이에 대한 해답을 얻기 위해서는 인도 및 동남아시아 그리고 더 나아가 세계의 고대유리 특성과 변천에 대한 연구 자료를 수집하고 많은 토론이 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this paper, it carried out cross section analysis for the pieces of broken glass and also did non-destructive surface analysis for the unusual glass beads excavated from the tombs of the Three Kingdoms and the Joseon Dynasty period at the second district of II area in Jinyeong, Gimhae-si, Korea. And then, proceeded with comparison about the changes of the production method and chemical composition of glass bead with the change of times. In addition, it carried out comparison of the change and characteristic for the potash glass, the majority of the glass in Jinyeong, Gimhae-si, between Korea and China, and try to suggest possibility of trade with Korean potash glass.
In the Three Kingdom period, the purplish blue round bead is main type, above this, there is a small amount of yellow, bluish green, greenish blue, purple, black round bead. This glass bead is composed of potash glass and soda glass in chemical composition. This glass bead is composed of potash glass and soda glass in chemical composition. Potash glass of purplish blue and purple is confirmed to type I that contains low level of CaO(stabilizer) and Al2O3 content. Type I is continually existed from B.C 1C, first appearance time of potash glass, to A.D 6C. purplish blue and purple potash glass is classified into this type. On the other hand, soda glass contains a variety of colors like purplish blue, greenish blue, bluish green and yellow. It can be classified into LCHA type containing high level Al2O3 and HCLA, LCA-B type containing high level CaO based on 5% of the CaO and Al2O3 content. The former contains greenish blue, bluish green and yellow glass known for existing in Southeast Asia, while the latter contains purplish blue and dark glass known for existing in Western regions. This glass of western regions can be classified into LMK type and HMK type based on 1.5% of MgO, K2O content, they are known for being made by using ashes of mineral material named Natron and submarine plant as a base material of soda.
In the Joseon Dynasty, brown round bead takes up the largest amounts, above this, there are unusual beads like flower bead, coil glass, gourd-shaped glass of green, greenish blue, bluish green, purplish blue, colorlessness. This glass bead is composed of potash glass, mixed alkali glass, lead glass in chemical composition, and it is different characteristic from the Three Kingdom period. In classifying by stabilizer, potash glass is classified into HCLA type. above 5% content of CaO, mixed alkali glass is classified into HCA type, above 5% content of CaO and Al2O3, and lead glass is classified into LCA type, low contents of CaO and Al2O3.
Potash glass had been found with lead barium glass at tomb of Changsha, Hunansheng, China, in B.C 5C of Warring States period earlier than Korea. After then, there was started to be mainly excavated large quantity Potash glass at Guangdongsheng and Guangxisheng in Han Dynasty. It can be classified into three types based on content of CaO and Al2O3 as a stabilizer in chemical composition. First type, above 3% Al2O3 and below 1% CaO, has a characteristic of high Zr, Ti and low Sr. Second type has 1-2% content of CaO, Al2O3 and low content of Zr, Ti, Sr. Third type has above 3% content of CaO, Al2O3 and high content of Sr. These are known as flux material, in detail, first and second types are made of KNO3, third type is made of plant ash.
There are two opinions about the origin of China potash glass, the one is that it is related to central district of China, the another is that it is traded through sea route from India or Southeast Asia. But the latter view is generally accepted now, because that Hepoxian(合浦县) of Guangxisheng found potash glass was a international seaport in Han Dynasty and was one of very important central area in south district of China. About the origin of potash glass in Korea and China, it can be suggested three possibilities. First, if potash glass was produced on china by their technique, Korea potash glass would be brought through overland route from China. Second, if it was brought to China through sea route from India and Southeast Asia, it would be brought into Korea through same route. Third, because it had been appeared from B.C 1C in Korea later than China, so there is possibility that the potash glass of China from India or Southeast Asia by sea was brought to Korea from China by overland route. To get answer about these, it needs to gather the data of characteristic and change of ancient glass for India, Southeast Asia, furthermore, the whole world, and continually discuss on these topics.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론················································1
• Ⅱ. 연구 대상···········································3
• 1. 유적 개요·························································3
• 2. 분석 시료························································5
• Ⅲ. 연구 방법···········································7
• 1. 가시적 특징······················································7
• 2. 화학 조성·························································7
• Ⅳ. 연구 결과············································9
• 1. 완형 유리구슬 ··················································9
• 1) 미세구조·································································9
• 2) 화학 조성·································································14
• 2. 유리편···························································21
• 1) 미세구조·································································21
• 2) 화학 조성·································································24
• Ⅴ. 고 찰················································34
• 1. 중국 고대유리 명칭···········································34
• 2. 중국 고대유리 시대적 화학성분 변천·······················38
• 1.1.1. 서주부터 춘추까지·····················································38
• 1.1.2. 전국 시대·································································43
• 1.1.3. 한나라·····································································45
• Ⅵ. 결 론·······················································51
• 참고 문헌···············································54
• Abstract················································56