To 1970s Korean writers, without making conscious effort to understand it, ganan [poverty] was the immediate experience from their life throughout the Korean War. Such writers as Pak Wan-sŏ, Hwang Sŏg-yŏng, Yi Mun-gu, and Yun Hŭng-gil shared painf...
To 1970s Korean writers, without making conscious effort to understand it, ganan [poverty] was the immediate experience from their life throughout the Korean War. Such writers as Pak Wan-sŏ, Hwang Sŏg-yŏng, Yi Mun-gu, and Yun Hŭng-gil shared painful memory and conception of immediate/mediated ganan with only minor differences; Pak and Hwang had experienced ganan since their childhood in the course of modern Korean history while Yun’s source was his personal history and Yi experienced it in his family’s fall in the middle of ideological conflicts during the Korean War. However, most 1970s writers experienced ganan as immediate reality in everyday life, not as remote memory from the past. In this sense, 1970s writers can be defined as peripheral subject of governmentality. If one defines them as subject of the political/sensitive that saw both the inside and the outside of boundaries drawn between mainstream and othered ways of life in their self-locationing between the two, it was because they had keen sense toward ganan.
I regard 1970s Korean fiction found its peculiar political faculty in its sense of ganan as the definitive parameter of distribution of life under industrialization and its sense of emotions evoked by ganan. In particular, I examine the concept of Ganan-affect in 1970s writers’ construction of systemic reactions to the developmentalist governmentality. To this end, this study distinguishes the term ganan from its English equivalent “poverty” from the perspectives of epistemology and cultural history. Ganan should be regarded disparate from the economic/sociological term of poverty to the extent that it is a common sense of Hunger and implies the shared pathos among the individuals under the rapid industrialization. Ganan-affect is relevant not only to life in poverty but to a wide range of lives brought forth by fluid society during industrialization period.
With waning of the communal sense of ganan, 1970s Ganan-affect existed in various forms under the social environment where individual lives were controlled by liberalist governmentality. It converted groups of reading public into active authors of popular writing forms, such as memoir and nonfiction, and most importantly created worker-writers. The Christian Academy played a significant role in this conversion in their turning popular attention to Ganan-affect to the recognition of social inequality. In the meantime, the governmentality of developmental dictatorship practiced snobist rule over society in the pursuit of the status of a developing country by spreading mass consumerism. This ironically resulted in the spread of Ganan-affect, which was closely related to the sense of relative poverty. 1970s Korean literature’s contribution was that it straightened the way society represented ganan in its consistent critiquing of the irony.
Unlike the 1960s, 1970s Korean literature was structured according to the hegemony of populist sensitivity toward the social inequality. As proved with the immense popularity Christian populism enjoyed, the Minjung [people] ideology in 1970s literature signified less a peculiar ideology that only a few writers adopted than a major Affect-trend that a wide range of intellectuals engaged in. The nationalist Minjung ideology, which was derived from Paek Nak-ch’ŏng’s “Simin Munhak ron,” lacked clear class consciousness while displaying its close tie with the working class. Kim Chi-ha and Sin Kyŏng-nim did not engage in producing class discourse though they clearly contributed to embolden the Minjung pathos (partly because of Yu-sin dictatorship’s oppression of strict censorship). In contrast, 1970s writers overcame the Minjung ideology’s Schaffensmethode, which limited itself to the Typicality framework, in their focusing at the level of Ganan-affect. They achieved the task by representing the misery of such lower class people as the urban poor, day-laborers, and prostitutes.
Paek’s critical theory, which had been developed as he kept questioning how to define “simin [citizen],” reached to another level through 1970s literature to the extent that Ganan-affect necessarily called for not only the subject of passion/emotion but also pursuit of communal ethics. Reading public in the 1970s conformed with the cultural hegemony of the identity politics of incorporating of Minjung and Simin, as easily proven in the immense popularity Cho Se-hŭi’s Dwarf and Yun Hŭng-gil’s Nine Pairs.
Chapter 2 examines how Ganan-affect played its unique roles both inside and outside literature. I first focus on how to locate Ganan-affect within the context of social activity according to Christian Minjung ideology, which is to be best exemplified by the Christian Academy’s activism. Ganan, integrated into the humanist discourse on the Minjung ideology side, spreaded the values of freedom and equality while anti-communist state simultaneously kept it invisible with strict censorship and mobilized it for the sake of Affect-politics. Ganan-affect represented in memoirs and non-fictions from the 1970s shows this context in its double configuration of conduite according to the governmentality and contre-conduite that went against it.
The third chapter argues that the narrative of everyday life of the urban poor, which is regarded as the typical 1970s literary genre, questioned how Community was to be constructed at ontological level. The characters in the genre experienced anxiety of survival, painful hunger, and loneliness from social alienation, which all evolved around the emotional axis of Hope-Fear, while passively exposed to the absolute dominance of governmentality. Typical works of the genre depicted them as petty thief, homeless, handicapped, orphan, or prostitute, living outside the public health system’s management according to the principle of exclusion. The urban poor were abandoned in deserted places outside the public hygiene system while prostitutes were locked up in designated district and kept under meticulous control of the system. 1970s fiction depicted how their existential being was in the radical misery by emphasizing Ganan-affect’s overwhelming dominance over their life.
In the fourth chapter, I examine the narrative where characters from different classes achieve social bonding as they work together toward the goal of communal ethics of friendship and mutual understanding. The fictions adopting this narrative suggested that the urban poor were not necessarily ignorant. Furthermore, they displayed the Ganan-affect, a group of citizens with financially vulnerable status experienced as they were excluded from the public hygiene system, was one way to resist the governmentality. As Yun Hŭng-gil forged friendship at the level of communal ethics and Hwang Sŏg-yŏng valued social solidarity, to practice sympathy based on Ganan-affect was the authentic form of ethical practice. Cho Se-hŭi’s works displayed that Ganan-affect was of its essence rather the form of ethical resistance than an immediate response to poverty by representing workers or low classes’ uprising as something other than an immediate expression of their despair.
Chapter 5 argues that fear of ganan constituted the core of middle class’s Ganan-affect and their sense of belonging. The figure of snob in 1970s fiction was always associated to middle class, whose origin was snobocracy as the governmentality of mass consummerist society. Implied in the social expansion of newly risen middle class was that they acquired the society’s emotional hegemony. However, the structuring of their emotions lacked an ethics capable of bringing forth a mature sense of citizenship and thereby caused ethical agony. The cruelty adopted in representations of middle class attitude toward ganan effectively testified the writer’s conscious appreciation of agony. In this sense, Shame was a particular moral sentiment to 1970s Korean fiction; Shame is a moral sentiment toward the relative poverty, which led to sociological reflections on ganan figures that originated from the Korean War. Displaying the unfathomable depth she reached in her affective endeavor to achieve the truly ethical judgement, Pak Wan-sŏ reflected on the agony intrinsic to Ganan-affect. This is what I call the moral of sentiment.