A Study on Bhaisajyaguru Paintings in the Goryeo Dynasty Park, Jaeup Department of Archaeology and Art History The Graduate School, Wonkwang University Supervised by Professor Kim, junghee Bhaisajyaguru Buddha is a Buddha ruling the Pure ...

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https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13563685
익산 : 원광대학교 일반대학원, 2014
학위논문(석사) -- 원광대학교 일반대학원 , 고고미술사학과 , 2014. 8
2014
한국어
전북특별자치도
p204 ; 26 cm
지도교수: 김정희
0
상세조회0
다운로드다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)
A Study on Bhaisajyaguru Paintings in the Goryeo Dynasty Park, Jaeup Department of Archaeology and Art History The Graduate School, Wonkwang University Supervised by Professor Kim, junghee Bhaisajyaguru Buddha is a Buddha ruling the Pure ...
A Study on Bhaisajyaguru Paintings
in the Goryeo Dynasty
Park, Jaeup
Department of Archaeology and Art History
The Graduate School, Wonkwang University
Supervised by Professor Kim, junghee
Bhaisajyaguru Buddha is a Buddha ruling the Pure Land in the East or the Pure Land of Lapis Lazuli Light and is more for fortune wishing in this world as he is believed to relieve people from their sufferings and pains and furthermore to lead humans to reach the highest knowledge. The nature of Bhaisajyaguru Buddha can be understood through the Twelve Great Vows mentioned in Bhaisajyaguru?related sutras such as Scripture of Consecration of Eliminating Faults and Transcending Life-and-Death Spoken by the Buddha(佛說灌頂拔除過罪生死得度經), Sutra of the Vows of the Medicine Buddha(佛說藥師如來本願經), Sutra of the Vows of the Medicine Buddha of Lapis Lazuli Crystal Radiance(藥師琉璃光如來本願功德經), and Sutra of the Vows of the Medicine Buddha of Lapis Lazuli Crystal Radiance and Seven Past Buddhas(藥師琉璃光七佛本願功德經) included in the 12 volumes of Mahabhiseka Mantra.
In Korea, faith in Bhaisajyaguru was transmitted in the period of the Three Kingdom, and throughout the Unified Shilla and Goryeo Dynasties it prospered under auspices of all classes from the royal families and the aristocratic class to common people. Especially in the Goryeo Dynasty, Buddhism developed into a religion for national protection in response to frequent invasions of neighboring countries and accordingly many Buddhist events were performed. Along with national ceremonies such as Yeondeung?hoi (Lantern Festival) and Palgwan?hoe (Festival of the Eight Vows), there were Inwangbaekgojwahoi, fortune?wishing service for celebrating the king’s birthday, memorial services for the dead, and food service for the monks. In addition to these annual Buddhist events, Buddhist seminaries on Bhaisajyaguru were installed three times during the reign of King Yejong, once in Gojong, and once in Goyangwang, and Buddhist sect Chongji?jong, which was closely related faith in Bhaisajyaguru, was established. All these imply the flourish of faith in Bhaisajyaguru Buddha.
With the prevalence of faith in Bhaisajyaguru, a large number of Buddhist statues and paintings were created. There are four extant Bhaisajyaguru paintings from the Goryeo Dynasty, which are Bhaisajyaguru Buddha Painting at the Ishiba-ji Temple in Higashi?mi, Bhaisajyaguru Buddha Painting at the Bansh?-ji Temple in Nagoya, Bhaisajyaguru with Twelve Guardians Painting at Chishaku-in Temple in Kyoto, and Bhaisajyaguru Buddha Triad and Twelve divine generals privately collected, all in Japan. Among them, the paintings at the Ishiba-ji Temple and the Bansh?-ji Temple depict Bhaisajyaguru Buddha as a single figure, and those at Chishaku-in and of private collection depict Bhaisajyaguru Buddha with Flanking Triad and Twelve divine generals. They were all created in the 14th century of the late Goryeo Dynasty. Besides, there is a Painting of Bhaisajyaguru Triad privately collected in Korea, but it requires in?depth research because of different views on its date of creation and nationality.
Compared to paintings of Bhaisajyaguru Buddha from the Southern Sung Dynasty in China, those from the Goryeo Dynasty show some characteristics unique to Goryeo arts. In screen composition, first, the Goryeo paintings of single Bhaisajyaguru Buddha tend to spotlight the central theme. While Buddhist paintings in the Southern Sung Dynasty of China use explanatory screen composition as shown by the clouds surrounding the canopy and the Buddha and the three?staged pedestal, the paintings of single Bhaisajyaguru Buddha at the Ishiba-ji Temple and the Bansh?-ji Temple removed or simplified explanatory elements such as the clouds surrounding the canopy and the pedestal and this is a prominent characteristic observed commonly among Goryeo Buddhist paintings created in the late Goryeo Dynasty. However, Samkaksika, metal ornaments, and sash knots expressed in Bhaisajyaguru Buddha had once been regarded as unique characteristics of Goryeo Buddhist paintings, but when they are compared with metal ornaments shown in Painting of Bhaisajyaguru-sutra from the Yuan Dynasty kept in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Painting of Shakyamuni Triad at Nison-in, these works are believed to have been influenced by the Yuan Dynasty. The object held by Bhaisajyaguru Buddha found in the Goryeo Bhaisajyaguru paintings are only a bowl?shaped medical bowl, while monk’s staff appears together with a medical bowl in Painting of Bhaisajyaguru Buddha at Magao Cave No. 446 (Tang Renaissance), Painting of Bhaisajyaguru Buddha at Yulin Cave No. 25 (Tang Dynasty), Nanwu Bhaisajyaguru?vaidurrya Painting at the Qianfodong Cave (Five Dynasty), and Painting of Bhaisajyaguru-sutra at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the U.S. (Yuan Dynasty). What is more, the bowl is empty in Nanwu Bhaisajyaguru?vaidurrya Painting at the Qianfodong Cave (Five Dynasty) and it contains medical capsules in Painting of Bhaisajyaguru Buddha at Yulin Cave No. 25 (Tang Dynasty), but it is empty or contains cereals in the Goryeo Bhaisajyaguru Buddha paintings. On the other hand, Painting of Bhaisajyaguru Triad privately collected in Korea holds a tear?shaped thing, showing a difference from other Bhaisajyaguru Buddha paintings. The composition of family appearing in the Goryeo Bhaisajyaguru paintings is somewhat different from that of Chinese works. That is, the eight great Bhaisajyaguru Bodhisattvas including not only Sunlight Bodhisattva and Moonlight Bodhisattva but also Bodhisattva Cintamani?cakra, Water?Moon Avalokiteshvara, Ksitigarbha, and Vajragarbha Bodhisattva appear in Chinese Bhaisajyaguru Buddha paintings such as Painting of Bhaisajyaguru Triad at Dunhuang Magao Cave No. 205 (Tang Renaissance), Painting of Preaching Bhaisajyaguru at Magao Cave No. 220 (Tang Dynasty), and Bhaisajyaguru Mandala at Hakutsuru Fine Art Museum in Japan (Tang Dynasty, but Sunlight Bodhisattva and Moonlight Bodhisattva form the triad in the Goryeo paintings. Characteristically, moreover, the Bhaisajyaguru Buddha with Flanking Triad and Twelve divine generals from the Goryeo Dynasty show Brahma?Deva, Sakra?Devendra, and the Four Deva Kings, which do not appear in Chinese Painting of Bhaisajyaguru-sutra such as Painting of Bhaisajyaguru in the Pure Land at Magao Cave No. 417 (Sui Dynasty), and Painting of Bhaisajyaguru-sutra at the Metropolitan Museum in the U.S. (Yuan Dynasty).
On the other hand, this study compared the privately owned Painting of Bhaisajyaguru Triad , which had been supposed to be created in the Goryeo Dynasty, with Painting of Shakyamuni at Seikado Bunko Art Museum and Painting of Shakyamuni Triad at the Kenchoji Temple, the two models from the Southern Sung Dynasty, and the results confirmed that this work followed faithfully the icons in Painting of Shakyamuni at Seikado Bunko Art Museum in the expression of Buddha in the center but followed the icons in Painting of Shakyamuni Triad at the Kenchoji Temple, so it accepted the icons of the two Buddhist paintings.
다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)
高麗時代 藥師佛畵 硏究 박재업 약사여래는 동방정토 또는 유리광정토에 주재하는 부처로서 중생들의 고난과 괴로움을 치료하고, 더 나...
高麗時代 藥師佛畵 硏究
박재업
약사여래는 동방정토 또는 유리광정토에 주재하는 부처로서 중생들의 고난과 괴로움을 치료하고, 더 나아가, 유정(有情)들이 최고의 지식[菩提]을 달성하도록 하는 현세구복적인 부처이다. 이러한 약사여래의 성격에 대해서는 『灌頂經』의 12권에 있는 『佛說灌頂拔除過罪生死得度經』, 『佛說藥師如來本願經』, 『藥師琉璃光如來本願功德經』, 『藥師琉璃光七佛本願功德經』 등 약사관련 경전에 언급된 12대원을 통해 확인할 수 있다.
우리나라에는 삼국시대에 약사신앙이 전래된 이후 신라에서 고려시대에 걸쳐 왕실과 귀족층을 비롯하여 서민에 이르기까지 모든 계층의 후원 아래 번성하였다. 특히 고려시대에는 작은 외침으로 인하여 護國佛敎的인 성격이 강조됨에 따라 많은 불사가 설행되었는데, 국가적인 행사로 거행된 燃燈會와 八關會를 비롯하여 仁王百高座會, 왕의 생일을 축하하는 祈福道場, 죽은 뒤의 忌辰道場, 飯僧 등 매년 정기적으로 행해진 불사와 더불어 약사도량이 睿宗代에 3회, 高宗代에 1회, 恭讓王代에 1회 등 설치되었으며, 약사신앙과 밀접한 관련을 가진 摠持宗이 성립되는 등 약사여래 신앙이 번성하였음을 볼 수 있다.
이러한 약사신앙의 성행에 따라 고려시대에는 다수의 불상과 불화가 제작되었다. 현존하는 고려불화 중 약사불화로 확실시되는 작품은 日本의 이시바지(石馬寺) 所藏 약사불화와 반쇼지(萬松寺) 所藏 약사불화, 치샤쿠인(智積院) 所藏 약사십이신장도, 日本 개인소장 약사십이신장도 등 총 4점에 이른다. 이 가운데 이시바지(石馬寺)본과 반쇼지(萬松寺)본은 <藥師如來獨尊圖>이고, 日本 치샤쿠인(智積院)본과 日本 個人所藏本은 <藥師三尊十二神將圖>로서, 모두 고려후기인 14세기에 제작된 작품들이다. 이외에 한국 개인소장 <藥師三尊圖>가 한 점 전하는데 이 작품은 조성연대와 국적에 있어서 여러 이견이 제기되고 있어 좀 더 깊이 있는 연구가 필요하다.
고려시대 약사불화는 중국 남송대 약사불화와 비교해볼 때 몇 가지 점에서 고려적인 특징을 보여준다. 먼저 화면구성에서 고려 <약사여래독존도>는 중심주제만을 극대화시키는 경향이 강하여 나타나고 있다. 중국 남송대 불화가 천개와 여래를 둘러싼 구름 및 3단 대좌의 구도 등에서 설명적인 화면구성을 하고 있는데 반하여 이시바지(石馬寺)와 반쇼지(萬松寺)소장 약사여래독존도는 천개 및 대좌를 둘러싼 구름 등 불화를 설명하는 요소들이 생략되거나 간소화되고 정면관을 취하는 등 고려후기의 일반적인 고려불화들의 특징을 잘 보여준다. 그러나 약사여래에 묘사된 승각기 금구장식과 띠매듭의 경우 한때는 고려불화만의 특징으로 여겨져 왔으나 원나라 메트로폴리탄박물관 <약사경변도>와 二尊院 所藏 <석가삼존도>의 금구장식 등과 비교해 볼 때 원의 영향을 받은 것으로 보인다. 약사여래의 지물은, 막고굴 第 446窟 <藥師如來圖>(盛唐), 楡林窟 第 25窟 <藥師如來圖>(中唐), 千佛洞 <南无藥師琉璃光佛圖>(五代), 美國 Metropolitan Museum 所藏 <藥師經變圖>(元代) 등 석장과 약기가 함께 등장하는 중국의 약사불화와 달리 고려 약사불화에서는 바리형태의 약기만이 등장하고 있다. 또한 千佛洞 <南無藥師琉璃光佛圖>(五代)의 속이 빈 바리형과 楡林窟 第 25窟 <藥師如來圖>(中唐)의 약환이 든 바리형이 주로 등장하는데 비하여, 고려 약사불화에서는 빈 바리형과 곡물이 담긴 바리형이 주로 나타난다. 그러나 한국 개인소장 <약사삼존도>는 보주형 지물을 들고 있어 기존의 약사불화와 차이를 보이고 있다. 고려시대의 약사불화에서는 권속의 구성 또한 중국과 다른 면모를 보여준다. 즉 敦煌 莫高窟 第 205窟 <藥師三尊圖>(盛唐), 莫高窟 第 220窟 <藥師說法圖>(中唐), 日本 하쿠츠루미술관(白鶴美術館) 所藏 <藥師佛繪圖>(唐代) 등 중국의 약사불화에서는 일광보살, 월광보살 뿐 아니라 여의륜관음과 수월관음, 지장보살, 금강장보살 등 약사 팔대보살이 등장하는데 반하여 고려시대에는 일광보살과 월광보살이 삼존을 이루는 형식이 정착된 것으로 보인다. 또한 고려시대 약사삼존십이신장도에는 莫高窟 第 417窟 <藥師淨土變相圖>(隋代), 美國 Metropolitan Museum 所藏 <藥師經變圖>(元代) 등 중국의 <약사경변>에는 등장하지 않는 범천, 제석천 및 사천왕의 모습이 보이는 것도 특징이라 할 수 있다.
한편 본고에서는 그동안 고려시대 작품으로 추정되어 온 개인소장 <약사삼존도>를 남송대의 두 모본인 세이카도분코(靜嘉堂文庫)미술관 <석가여래상>과 켄초지(建長寺) <석가삼존도>와 비교한 결과, 이 작품이 중심 여래의 표현에 있어서는 세이카도분코(靜嘉堂文庫)미술관 <석가여래상>의 도상을 충실히 따르면서도 협시보살 및 배경의 표현에 있어서는 켄초지(建長寺) <석가삼존도>의 도상을 따르고 있어 두 불화의 도상을 함께 수용한 작품임을 확인할 수 있었다.
목차 (Table of Contents)