As the economy grows, the economic growth rate of country stagnates, and so the importance of securing tax revenues increases. And companies which struggle to continue to grow, tend to seek more aggressively various vehicles to avoid taxes than they u...
As the economy grows, the economic growth rate of country stagnates, and so the importance of securing tax revenues increases. And companies which struggle to continue to grow, tend to seek more aggressively various vehicles to avoid taxes than they used to at the growth phase. This economic environment has aggravated the conflicting of interest between tax authorities and taxpayers further, and naturally tax authorities and academic community has paid more and more attentions to the cause of tax inequity among the companies.
Government has utilized tax policy to foster specific industries or to regulate undesirable industries. As such, the tax burden is likely to differs depending on industry and tax laws applied to companies in the same industry are likely to be alike. On the other hand, the more companies compete with each other hard, the more they seek to avoid tax aggressively in comparison to their rivals in the same industry. This means that other things being equal, the difference of tax burdens among companies in the same industry decreases.
In spite of high probability that the level of tax avoidance is different depending on industry, the effects of industry characteristics on corporate tax avoidance have not been studied enough. That is, in most empirical studies, the effects on corporate tax avoidance are still controlled by industry dummies. Accordingly, this study examines the direct effects of industry characteristics on corporate tax avoidance comprehensively and systematically.
This study examines the direct effects of industry competition which is considered to be the most important industry characteristics in industrial organization area, on corporate tax avoidance first. Industry competition has been considered as market friction related to the realization of implicit tax in the exiting tax accounting research and recently, only a few studies(Cai and Liu 2009, Jun and Wang 2012, Park and Kim 2011) examined the direct effects thereof on corporate tax avoidance. But the said related studies lack sufficient theoretical discussion between industry competition and corporate tax avoidance and arbitrary decision appears to have been involved in measuring the main variables. Accordingly this study discusses the theoretical background on the effects of industry competition on CEO's decision sufficiently and excluded arbitrariness to the highest degree by making use of various measurement. Industry competition is mainly measured by concentration index(HHI, CRk) used in most previous related studies. And given that market structure may be determined endogenously as Karuna(2007) pointed out, product substitutability(PS), market size(MS), and entry cost(EC) under certain concentrations are used complementarily. And tax avoidance is measured as the residuals after controlling the effect of earnings management on BTD following Desai and Dharmapala(2006).
The empirical test shows that the tax avoidance decreases(increases) as the industry competition increases(decreases). The backgrounds of this empirical result are as follows. First, the realization of the implicit tax effect, one of Sholes and Wolfson's three paradigms, appears to be different depending on the industry competition. That is, the company in less competitive industry has more incentive to increase tax avoidance due to lower chance of implicit tax. Second, external corporate governance improves as industry competition increases, and this appears to decrease corporate tax avoidance.
Additionally, focusing on its role as external corporate governance the corporate tax avoidance was classified on the basis of its levels to analyze the effect of industry competition on corporate tax avoidance. That is, the sample was subdivided into a one group whose tax avoidance is larger than the medium of corporate tax avoidance and the other group whose tax avoidance is lower than the medium value. The empirical results are as follows. Corporate tax avoidance increases as industry competition decreases in the first group, while it decreases as industry competition increases in the other group. This empirical results suggest that industry competition has an effect on CEO's tax avoidance decision via the role as external corporate governance.
Lastly, this research analyzes the effect of industry size of industry characteristics on corporate tax avoidance empirically. The political power in industry level is measured by the aggregation of the numbers of employees, sales, and assets of all the companies by industry on the basis of industry category in annual national tax statistics to analyze the effect of each measurement on corporate tax avoidance. The empirical test finds out that corporate tax avoidance increases as industry size increases, and this implies that industry size has an effect on corporate tax avoidance via political power.
This may be the first study focusing on tax accounting decision-making building on the previous related studies(Rotemberg and Scharfstein 1990, Karuna 2007 et al.)that industry competition has an effect on accounting decision-makings via external corporate governance. And this study is significant in that it addresses the need for considering the role as external corporate governance of industry competition in the situation that the studies on the effect of internal corporate governance on negative corporate tax avoidance (as part of agent costs between stockholders and manager) has attracted attentions recently. Further, this study is significant in that unlike previous related studies that analyzed the effect of individual corporate size on corporate tax avoidance, it analyzed the effect of industry size in industry level, which is likely to better indicates interests of group, on corporate tax avoidance.
The empirical results of this study indicates that researchers need to focus not only on corporate characteristics including corporate governance structure, but also on industry characteristics. And the study on effect of industry characteristics on corporate tax avoidance is likely to be useful to tax authorities or policymakers as well. Therefore researchers need to offer the political implications via a deeper research on the effects of various industry characteristics besides industry competition and industry size on corporate tax avoidance in follow-up researches.
Finally, this study may have limitations on measurement error in measuring industry competition and tax avoidance. Especially, notable issues are as follows. First, this study was not able to divide sales into domestic record and foreign record in spite of different market owing to the lack of available data in measuring industry competition. Second, this study regards all sales amount as the ones in primary industry though some companies produce and sell goods in two or more industries. Therefore, we need to interpret carefully the effects of industry competition on corporate tax avoidance recognizing these limitations.