Although the corporate pension system in Korea has been largely managed under the defined-benefit pension plan, considering rising burden for employers and demand diversification on employees, pension system shifts into the defined-contribution pensio...
Although the corporate pension system in Korea has been largely managed under the defined-benefit pension plan, considering rising burden for employers and demand diversification on employees, pension system shifts into the defined-contribution pension plan is expected to be inevitable, going forward.
The corporate pension system in Korea already has seven years history since the introduction, however, only few literatures on the defined-contribution plan exist. Yet there is no empirical study regarding the defined-contribution plan.
To promote the pension system in Korea, this paper tried to find policy implications (1) summarizing the outcome from previous literatures in other countries, (2) reviewing key characteristics on the corporate pensions system in Korea, and (3) analyzing behaviors in the process of investment decisions and the investment performance among the plan participants.
The key characteristic on the defined-contribution plan is to transfer the responsibility on the decision for savings and investments for the future wealth accumulation into the plan participants. The empirical researches on the behavioral finance in other countries found that, the limited financial literacy and the behavioral bias of an individual participant should become a major threat for the stability on the retirement income security. In particular, many researches have highlighted adverse outcome on the behavioral bias in the investment decision-making such as inertia, the rule-of-thumb, dependency on the investment menu, and overconfidence.
Meanwhile, reviewing the defined-contribution pension system in Korea, we found that (1) there exist the quantitative investment restrictions in the system such as the equity allocation up to 40 percent; (2) the plan participants have mainly allocated the asset into the principal-guaranteed funds; (3) the employers have failed to provide sufficient diversified investment vehicles like the life-cycle fund and/or the financial advisory services.
In this paper, first in Korea, we analyze the behaviors for asset allocation and following investment performance among the defined-contribution plan participants. The analysis is based on five years dataset for one large company in Korea adopted the defined-contribution plan only. Key findings are as below;
Although the employer has provided 9.4 funds during the period, the plan participants have selected 2.61 funds on average. And they change 0.38 times annually despite of little burden on the transaction cost. The participants who have never changed the asset allocation during the period even reached to 81 percent out of total participants well suggest the inertia.
Regression results illustrate that demographic characteristics significantly influence the choice of risky asset and the proportion of equity investment. As a whole, male and longer job tenure workers are holding more equity than female and short-tenured individuals. On the other hand, since the global financial crisis in 2008, individuals have behaved conservatively such as reducing risky asset and increasing guaranteed asset.
Next, the investment performance among the participants shows that, the risk-adjusted return basis, the plan has shown solid performance compared to the benchmark return on the market. It is understood that, during the period, the financial market has showed the higher volatility largely affected by the global financial crisis, the equity market return has not been strong, the plan asset allocation has been large managed by the principal-guaranteed funds, and the equity allocation has stayed up to 40% out of total asset due to regulations.
However, we found the large variations on the risk-adjusted return among the participants and the regression analysis suggests that the plan participants’ asset allocation change during the period has led the risk-adjusted return lowered.
In addition, we also show pension risk of the participants through benefit ratio, defined as the ratio of the DC to a hypothetical benchmark DB benefit and the exit risk affected by the financial market volatility in a way of the plan reserve decrease between the date of retirement and the date of payment of benefits.
Our finding suggests that the participants who have limited financial literacy and behavior bias may require additional help managing their portfolios like life-cycle fund and managed account.
This research should be significant given that it provides the first analysis on the asset allocation behavior and following performances backed by the dataset among the plan participants, particularly in the defined-contribution pension plan which is expected to increase the scale, going forward.
The limitation on this research includes the small scope of dataset given the sample was based on a single employer and relatively short data period of five years. Consequently, overall findings in this research regarding the asset allocation behaviors and the key characteristics on the performance among the plan participants would be interpreted in a limited sense.