The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the policy actors as a key factor contributing to the change of policies. The fact that there is a certain institution in a governmental decision making process does not mean it yields the best ...
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the policy actors as a key factor contributing to the change of policies. The fact that there is a certain institution in a governmental decision making process does not mean it yields the best of results at all times. The factors that contribute to the final results of policy decisions are the actors who play the game of getting the best of the system to serve their interests. Therefore, the intriguing question of why policy changes occur points to these individual actors who seek policy changes. If a policy is to solve a problem and induce changes, the changes with policies should be made in a way to serve desired values and goals the policy is intended form. For this reason, in order to make a policy change in an effective and efficient manner, it is important to identify the driving force that can control this process.
In this study, we attempted to try a different approach than what was tried before, where the policy changes are explained by external, institution-environmental elements based on a structural determinism in a macroscopic perspective. In case of local governments in Korea, people experienced the compressed type of economic growth over a very short tie and the introduction of local autonomy system. Therefore, in Korea, it is important that there is a veto point in the policy decision making process due to longitudinal concentration of authority, and one should also pay attention to the core inside players for their influences. Since the beginning of civil local autonomy in Korea, the head of local governments have been playing the leading roles in terms of politics, administration, and economy, and the forms of their endeavors for the purpose of reelection are expected to be connected to the efforts to increase the visibilities of their actions for political purposes and the progress in localities. Therefore, in this study, we assumed an influence of the policy choices by the head of local governments based on the power structure, preferences, and value systems.
In general, the results of the study was based on an assumption that the political changes with the government resulted in the changes of the priorities of policy goals, and such changes eventually led to budgetary changes as a plausible inference. In this regard, the influence of the head of local governments on budgetary changes as an indicator of policy changes was verified, suggesting that studies on policy changes require concrete considerations on the core driving factors in policy processes for each government. In order to present a more persuasive study result, we used the trend of budgetary changes of local governments in Korea and an analysis of their characteristics(normality/ incrementality) policy types(developmental policies(growth oriented/development oriented), redistribution policies(preferential welfare/universal welfare), allocation policies(culture&art/tourism) budgetary scopes(total budget/municipal expenditures) characteristics of changes(types of changes/rate of change) by applying a variety of statistic models to verify the causality(binary logit, multinomial logit, linear, negative binomial regressive models) and cluster analysis based on the key characteristics of the heads of local governments simultaneously and progressively.
The results of analysis on the budgetary changes by policy types revealed outcomes that were somewhat different from what were presented in the preceding studies. Budgetary changes did not only occur incrementally, that is, changes of similar or identical levels, but came about in a massive scale as well. While the previous studies based on the perspectives of incrementalism had their limitations in explaining the various forms of changes in policies and budgets, this study could be seen as a complementation to supplement such shortcomings. In addition, it was confirmed that the studies on policies and budgetary changes should not be looked at as unrealistic outliers but as universal phenomena.
The results of verification using a variety of statistic models showed that the orientation and capabilities of the heads of the governments, to which we paid consideration attention, did have an influence on budgetary changes by policy types. Of course, it was not that all of the models we used yielded the same conclusions. But, such a tendency was still confirmed in policy types, budgetary scopes, and characteristics of the changes. Especially, the orientation factors of the heads of local governments, that is, age, ideology, and capability appeared to have statistical significance and matching with the hypothesis in terms of the experience, major, vote ratio, and number of reelections and identified them as key variables, which could have a significant implication in the studies of policy changes of local governments in Korea.
The analysis of stereotyping based on various characteristics of the heads of local government was conducted by classifying them based on the degrees of budgetary changes by each group into balance oriented, project oriented, and finance oriented. These groups were then put to comparison to stereotype the heads of local governments based on the characteristics of budgetary changes by policy types into development oriented, simultaneity oriented, strong development-focused simultaneity oriented, and development-focused simultaneity oriented ones.
The process and result of this study could be of a significant implication in terms of theory and policy. In theory, a foundation of further systematic discussions was laid regarding policy changes based on the changes in each aspect and the approaches regarding the change types and decisive factors that were explained by policy change theories. Also, as we took a microscopic stance on the actors within the system of policy decisions, the orientation(cognition, preference) and capabilities(resources, power) to identify the influence by the heads of local governments in Korea. It could be said that this study provided a foundation to make a more specific theory of higher level on the influence by these boss men by giving a comparative analysis by each policy type. Also, as we attempted stereotyping of the heads of local governments, we pointed out the needs of a more diversified and concrete approaches to them as study subjects. This could be seen as setting the clues for further studies on the influence of the characteristics of the heads of local governments which should be conducted along with the studies on the normative roles of them.
In terms of policy, we verified the influence of the heads of local governments in Korea, as the balancers, managers focused on performances, and policy activists who value performance and innovations as they perform their political functions. The policy of the central government and the change in every diversified need of the local constituency are causing the need of local expenditures, along with the expenditure for local development. In this situation, this study emphasizes the roles of the heads of local governments. Especially, we verified that their desire to stay in power and get reelected, joined by their policy intentions, brings about the policy changes. For this reason, we suggested the necessity of endeavors to strengthen outside controls as well as inside control processes to ensure financial responsibility of them and enhance the understanding on the financial operation of the municipalities. We also suggested the need of the central government to expand their supplementary supportive apparatus for essential government projects needed by local constituency.
This study is based on a limited set of statistical data. Therefore, there is the inherent limitation in generalizing the findings in this study. However, as we have seen in reality, the heads of local governments are required to play the role of policy entrepreneurs and they actively proceed with the local development policies in connection with their political basis, the importance of the roles of them could be emphasized both in the theory and reality. Therefore future efforts to systemize the discussions and verifications with a wider scope of analysis to review the plausibility of the hypothesis in this study, the findings in this study would help us in understating the characteristics of the policy actors in multiple aspects and richness. The methodology and findings in this study emphasize that the policy actors are deeply related to policy changes and it is necessary to approach this topic with diverse perspectives that have been discussed so far.