Empirical analyses on the political attitudes and political participation of North Korean defectors are few in number. The focus of this study is to find out the reality of the political re-socialization process of North Korean defectors in South Kore...
Empirical analyses on the political attitudes and political participation of North Korean defectors are few in number. The focus of this study is to find out the reality of the political re-socialization process of North Korean defectors in South Korea, and to examine the behavior of their political participation. Through this, the aim is to find out the factors which affect the process of political re-socialization of North Korean defectors. This study takes as its basis the findings of existing studies on immigrants’ political re-socialization process, the factor contributing most to this being pre-immigration political socialization. Based on collected quantitative and qualitative research of North Korean defectors living in South Korea, this study examines their political socialization experience in North Korea, as well as the process of their political re-socialization in South Korea.
The results of the study are as follows. North Korean defectors’ participation in elections is out of a sense of obligation, where mobilized political participation is an outcome of institutionalized life in North Korea. Also, while political efficacy is very low, they maintain an attitude of obedience toward the nation. The characteristic of North Koreans’ political values are authoritarian, which is based on absolute submission and worship of the leader, collectivism and uncompromising attitude. As political socialization in North Korea is continuously emphasized, it becomes internalized as a form of political value, political attitude, and political participation.
This study measures the degree of North Korea defectors’ political re-socialization and explains their types of political participation. Results reveal that the most prevalent type of political participation is of the “obedient” type (efficacy 2.24, reliability 2.84). Based on the level of education, results can be separated between those having attended high school or less (efficacy 1.9, reliability 2.75) and vocational or higher (efficacy 2.49, reliability 2.9); both categories fit into the “obedient” type but those with vocational or higher level are closer to the “loyal” type.
The results of correlation analysis and regression analysis reveal that the factors affecting participation in the election are gender, age, and education in North Korea. The factors that affect political participation are education in both North and South Korea, the length of stay in South Korea, and their economic status in South Korea. The factors that affect political interest are education in North Korea and age, while the factor that affects efficacy is education in both North and South. Finally, the factors that affect political trust are the age at which the defector left North Korea as well as the economic status in South Korea. The higher the age of leaving North Korea, the stronger their authoritarian tendencies are. And the higher the level of education in South Korea, the higher the level of agreement with democratic values. The length of staying in a third country did not produce any significant effect on the process of political re-socialization.
Three major factors affecting the process of political re-socialization of North Korean defectors – being the length of stay in South Korea, education level (both North and South) and age – were compared to find out which were most significant. It was found that the level of education in North Korea, as well as age had a stronger impact than the length of stay in South Korea and the level of education in South Korea respectively. Electoral participation, political interest, and political trust were strongly influenced by political experience in North Korea. General political participation and political efficacy were strongly influenced by political experience in South Korea. Experiences in North Korea reinforce authoritarian values while experiences in South Korea emphasize democratic values. Overall though, North Korean defectors show authoritarian values more strongly. In particular, the general assumption is that education level contributes to democratic political attitudes, but in the case of education level in North Korea, this reinforces authoritarian tendencies. Length of stay in South Korea has a consistent effect in the widening of political participation and shaping of democratic political attitudes, but it does not have a significant effect on changing authoritarian tendencies.
Quantitative analysis shows that North Korean defectors have more political trust and higher electoral participation rates and adherence to the conservative party than other South Korean citizens. Through qualitative research, this study examines how and in what ways political socialization in North Korea affects the shaping of political attitudes in South Korea.
According to the results of in-depth interviews with North Korean defectors, in the field of political attitudes and political participation, they interpret and respond to South Korean politics based on the political values and political attitudes acquired in North Korea. Unconditional trust in the national system is caused by the North Korean interpretation of nationalism, de-materialized value, and nationhood. Also, the reason why they are more proactive in participating in elections is due to loyalty to the nation, as well as habits from North Korea. Political efficacy is because they feel more empowered by voting in South Korea than in North Korea. The reason why they tend to vote more in favor of the conservative party is because when comparing between North and South, they find attraction from the emphasized values of democracy and a capitalistic economic system, coupled with the concepts of collectivism and strong worship of the leadership acquired in North Korea.
The constant educational comparison between North and South, as well as the authoritarian black and white way of thinking within North Korea on the contrary reinforces antipathy toward North Korea. These results may explain why they show stronger support for the conservative party.
This study shows that the most influential factor affecting the process of political participation is education. Thus, it is important to emphasize political re-education to North Korean defectors for the sake of their political re-socialization. This study confirms that the impact of political socialization persisted over a long period of time in North Korea plays an important role for those who leave North Korea at an older age. While leaving may change their course of life, it does not dramatically change their points of view and political behavior. Therefore, when writing a North Korea policy for improved inter-Korean relations, one must assume that it is very difficult for North Korean authorities to change their mindsets by themselves. It is important to observe that implementing South Korea’s democratic system can lead to social disorder since North Korean’s political consciousness is weak. In the situation where a citizen’s perception cannot change easily, it is important to find ways to convert their perception of nation and collectivism into a power of socio-economic development.
This study of the process of political re-socialization of North Korean defectors can be viewed as a general study, and the process of political re-socialization will demand further research.