다소비 어류의 중금속 농도 및 위험 평가

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Chapter 1.
Seafood is also rich in protein, contains low cholesterol and high percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), liposoluble vitamins and essential minerals. In the sense, utilization of marine resources for human consumption has increased rapidly in Korea. At the same time, levels of contaminants in fish are of considerable interest because of potential effects on the people that consume them. Contaminant levels, particularly heavy metals, are sufficiently high in some fish to cause adverse human health effects in people consuming large quantities.
This study was conducted to obtain a basic data, such as concentrations of heavy metals and their provisional tolerable weekly (monthly) intakes 〔PTW(M)I〕 %, for establishing safety guidelines for fisheries products in Korea. Concentrations of total mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were determined in 18 species (312 fishes) of mainly consumed fishes using a total mercury analyzer or inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometer (ICP) and its risk was assessed from PTW(MI) %. The mean recovery ratios of the heavy metals extracted from fish poisson and liver, which are certified-reference materials, CRM), 92.5-100.9% for total Hg, 80.1-93.6% for Pb, and 89.1-94.2% for Cd. These results are satisfied in the conditions on the recovery ratio of heavy metals set by Codex.
The mean concentrations of heavy metals in mainly consumed fishes were 0.044±0.021 mg/kg for total Hg, 0.069±0.036 mg/kg for Pb and 0.033±0.033 mg/kg for Cd. These results showed that the mean concentration of heavy metal in mainly consumed fishes was high in Pb, total Hg and Cd in the order. The fish species, which is the highest in mean concentrations of heavy metals, among mainly consumed fishes and its concentration were Pacific cod and 0.090±0.068 mg/kg, respectively, for total mercury, Japanese anchovy and 0.142±0.044 mg/kg, respectively, for lead, and skipjack tuna and 0.144±0.105 mg/kg, respectively for Cd.
The average weekly (monthly) intakes of total Hg, Pb and Cd through mainly consumed fishes based on the mean and P90th concentrations were 4.164 and 8.416%, respectively, for total Hg, 1.567 and 2.566%, respectively, for Pb, and 3.391 and 7.462%, respectively, for Cd. These results showed that the PTW(M)I % of the heavy metals through commonly consume fishes was the highest in total Hg, followed by Cd and Pb in the order. The PTW(M)I % of total Hg, Pb and Cd through commonly consume fishes based on the P90th concentration were 213%, 205% and 219% higher, respectively, than that based on the mean concentration.
According to the results of concentration and risk assessment of heavy metal in mainly consumed fishes, the total Hg, Pb and Cd were found to be lower than permissible limits. The consumption of these species is not problem on human health.

Chapter 2.

This study was conducted to determine concentration of heavy metals, such as total mercury, lead and cadmium, in 18 commonly consumed fish species ( red stingray, brown sole, largehead hairtail, chub mackerel, Pacific saury, bastard halibut, skipjack tuna, Pacific cod, Japanese anchovy, Alaska pollack, brown croaker, conger eel, Japanese Spanish mackerel, blackmouth angler, Korean rockfish, filefish, small yellow croaker and Pacific herring) and to assess the risk from provisional tolerable weekly (monthly) intakes 〔PTW(M)I〕% as affected by purchased season. Based on the mean concentration, the maximum concentration-showed season of heavy metals through mainly consumed fishes, its concentration and the fish species were winter, 0.047±0.031 mg/kg and Pacific cod, respectively, for total mercury, summer, 0.083±0.077 mg/kg, and chub mackerel, respectively, for lead, and summer, 0.057±0.050 mg/kg, and filefish, respectively, for cadmium. Based on the mean concentration, the PTW(M)I % of heavy metals through mainly consumed fishes purchased by different seasons, winter, autumn and summer, were 3.650, 5.864 and 4.434%, respectively, for total mercury, 1.299, 2.352 and 2.258%, respectively, for lead, and 1.657, 3.056 and 5.997%, respectively, for cadmium.
According to the results above, based on the mean concentration, the risk of heavy metal through mainly consumed fishes by purchased season was low in fishes purchased at autumn, summer and winter in the order, for that of total mercury and lead, and summer, autumn and winter in the order for that of cadmium.

Chapter 3.

This study was conducted to determine concentration of heavy metals, such as total mercury, lead and cadmium, in 18 species (red stingray, brown sole, largehead hairtail, chub mackerel, Pacific saury, bastard halibut, skipjack tuna, Pacific cod, Japanese anchovy, Alaska pollack, brown croaker, conger eel, Japanese Spanish mackerel, blackmouth angler, Korean rockfish, filefish, small yellow croaker and Pacific herring) of mainly consumed fishes and to assess the risk from provisional tolerable weekly (monthly) intakes 〔PTW(M)I〕% as affected by place-of-origin, such as domestic, imported and pelagic fishes.
The mean concentration of heavy metals through commonly consumed domestic fishes, the maximum concentration-showed fish species and its concentration were 0.044±0.021 mg/kg, Pacific cod and 0.088±0.077 mg/kg respectively, for total mercury, 0.073±0.034 mg/kg, Japanese anchovy and 0.142±0.044 mg/kg respectively, for lead, and 0.027±0.021 mg/kg, Japanese anchovy and 0.072±0.070 mg/kg respectively, for cadmium. Based on the mean and P90th concentrations, the PTW(M)I % of heavy metals through commonly consumed domestic fishes were 3.500 and 8.563%, respectively, for total mercury, 2.490 and 2.823%, respectively, for lead, and 2.040 and 2.694%, respectively, for cadmium. Therefore, regardless of based on kinds of applied concentrations, such as mean and P90th, the PTW(M)I % of heavy metals through commonly consumed domestic fishes was high in total mercury, lead and cadmium in the order. The PTW(M)I % of total mercury, lead and cadmium through commonly consumed domestic fishes based on P90th concentration were 245%, 163% and 193% high compared to those based on mean concentration.
Compared to concentrations of heavy metal through commonly consumed domestic fishes, those of lead (0.061±0.038 mg/kg) and cadmium (0.027±0.015 mg/kg) through commonly consumed imported fishes were higher, while that of total mercury (0.041±0.014 mg/kg) was lower.
Based on the mean concentration, the PTW(M)I % of heavy metals through commonly consumed domestic and imported fishes were 1.732 and 1.848%, respectively, for total mercury, 0.584 and 0.395%, respectively, for lead, and 0.824 and 0.473%, respectively, for cadmium. Based on the PTW(M)I % of heavy metals through commonly consumed imported fishes, regardless of kinds of applied concentrations, such as mean and P90th concentrations, the PTW(M)I % of total mercury through commonly consumed domestic fishes was high, while those of lead and cadmium were low.

Chapter 4.
This study was conducted to determine concentration of heavy metals, such as total mercury, lead and cadmium, in 18 species (red stingray, brown sole, largehead hairtail, chub mackerel, Pacific saury, bastard halibut, skipjack tuna, Pacific cod, Japanese anchovy, Alaska pollack, brown croaker, conger eel, Japanese Spanish mackerel, blackmouth angler, Korean rockfish, filefish, small yellow croaker and Pacific herring) of mainly consumed fishes and to assess the risk from provisional tolerable weekly (monthly) intakes 〔PTW(M)I〕% as affected by purchased region, such as Gyeongsang-do (175 samples), Jeolla-do (59 samples), Jeju-do (20 samples), Metropolitan (43 samples), Chungcheong-do (16 samples), Gangwon-do (4 samples).
The mean concentration of total mercury through mainly consumed fishes purchased from different regions, the maximum concentration-showed fish species and its concentration were 0.043±0.022 mg/kg, Pacific cod and 0.084±0.079 mg/kg, respectively, for Gyeongsang-do, 0.051±0.033 mg/kg, red stingray and 0.113±0.096 mg/kg, respectively, for Jeolla-do, 0.074±0.046 mg/kg, Korean rockfish and 0.118 mg/kg, respectively, for Jeju-do, 0.045±0.018 mg/kg, Pacific cod and 0.096±0.065 mg/kg, respectively, for Metropolitan, 0.042±0.026 mg/kg, red stingray and 0.093 mg/kg, respectively, for Chungcheong-do and 0.083±0.105 mg/kg, blackmouth angler and 0.203 mg/kg, respectively, for Gangwon-do.
The mean concentration of lead through mainly consumed fishes purchased from different regions, the maximum concentration-showed fish species and its concentration were 0.076±0.042 mg/kg, Japanese anchovy and 0.142±0.044 mg/kg, respectively, for Gyeongsang-do, 0.064±0.041 mg/kg, red stingray and 0.158±0.061 mg/kg, respectively, for Jeolla-do, 0.079±0.058 mg/kg, Korean rockfish and 0.173 mg/kg, respectively, for Jeju-do, 0.043±0.025 mg/kg, Alaska pollock and conger eel, 0.079 mg/kg, respectively, for Metropolitan, 0.073±0.058 mg/kg, Pacific cod and 0.201 mg/kg, respectively, for Chungcheong-do, and 0.057±0.026 mg/kg, Alaska pollock and 0.096±0.075 mg/kg, respectively, for Gangwon-do.
The mean concentration of cadmium through mainly consumed fishes purchased from different regions, the maximum concentration-showed fish species and its concentration were 0.038±0.032 mg/kg, skipjack tuna and 0.144±0.105 mg/kg, respectively, for Gyeongsang-do, 0.014±0.015 mg/kg, brown croaker and 0.050±0.033 mg/kg, respectively, for Jeolla-do, 0.020±0.029 mg/kg, red stingray and 0.089±0.093 mg/kg, respectively, for Jeju-do, 0.017±0.020 mg/kg, Pacific herring and 0.060±0.019 mg/kg, respectively, for Metropolitan, 0.009±0.007 mg/kg, red stingray and 0.021 mg/kg, respectively, for Chungcheong-do, and 0.007±0.006 mg/kg, Alaska pollock and 0.025±0.021 mg/kg, respectively, for Gangwon-do.
Based on the mean concentration, the PTWI % of heavy metals through mainly consumed fishes purchased from different regions were high in fishes purchased in Jeju-do (5.624%), Gyeongsang-do (4.386%), Metropolitan (3.676%), Jeolla-do (3.603%), Gangwon-do (3.045%) and Chungcheong-do (2.911%) in the order for total mercury, in fishes purchased in Gangwon-do (3.327%), Jeju-do (2.380%), Chungcheong-do (2.152%), Metropolitan (2.128%), Jeolla-do (2.069%), Gyeongsang-do (1.594%) and in the order for lead, and in fishes purchased in Gyeongsang-do (3.921%), Gangwon-do (1.829%), Metropolitan (1.462%), Jeju-do (1.250%), Chungcheong-do (0.980%) and Jeolla-do (0.643%) and in the order for cadmium.
These results suggest that the risk difference of heavy metals among mainly consumed fishes purchased from different regions was found.

Chapter 5.

This study was conducted to determine concentration of heavy metals, such as total mercury, lead and cadmium, in 18 species (red stingray, brown sole, largehead hairtail, chub mackerel, Pacific saury, bastard halibut, skipjack tuna, Pacific cod, Japanese anchovy, Alaska pollack, brown croaker, conger eel, Japanese Spanish mackerel, blackmouth angler, Korean rockfish, filefish, small yellow croaker and Pacific herring) of mainly consumed fishes and to assess the risk from provisional tolerable weekly (monthly) intakes 〔PTW(M)I〕% as affected by migratory characterization, such as migration and sedentariness.
The mean concentrations of heavy metals in 11 species of commonly consumed migratory fishes (largehead hairtail, chub mackerel, Pacific saury, skipjack tuna, Pacific cod, Japanese anchovy, Alaska pollack, brown croaker, Japanese Spanish mackerel, small yellow croaker and Pacific herring) were 0.040±0.021 mg/kg for total mercury, 0.059±0.038 mg/kg for lead and 0.039±0.041 mg/kg for cadmium. These results showed that the mean concentration of heavy metal in commonly consumed migratory fishes was high in lead, total mercury and cadmium in the order. The fish species, which is the highest in mean concentrations of heavy metals, among commonly consumed migratory fishes and its mean concentration were Pacific cod and 0.090±0.068 mg/kg, respectively, for total mercury, Japanese anchovy and 0.142±0.044 mg/kg, respectively, for lead, and skipjack tuna and 0.144±0.105 mg/kg, respectively for cadmium.
The mean concentrations of heavy metals in 7 species of commonly consumed demersal fishes (red stingray, brown sole, bastard halibut, conger eel, blackmouth angler, Korean rockfish and filefish) were 0.051±0.021 mg/kg for total mercury, 0.084±0.027 mg/kg for lead and 0.024±0.008 mg/kg for cadmium. These results showed that the mean concentration of heavy metal in commonly consumed migratory fishes was high in lead, total mercury and cadmium in the order. The fish species, which is the highest in mean concentrations of heavy metals, among commonly consumed demersal fishes and its mean concentration were red stingray and 0.080±0.058 mg/kg, respectively, for total mercury, red stingray and 0.134±0.063 mg/kg, respectively, for lead, and blackmouth angler and 0.035±0.052 mg/kg, respectively for cadmium.
These results showed that the mean concentration of heavy metal in commonly consumed migratory fishes was high in cadmium compared to that of heavy metal in commonly consumed demersal fishes, while were low in total mercury and lead.
Based on the mean concentrations, the PTWI % of heavy metals through commonly consumed migratory fishes were 3.393% for total mercury, 1.900% for lead and 3.454% for cadmium, which were higher in those of total mercury and cadmium than those of heavy metals through commonly consumed sedentary fishes (2.710% for total mercury and 1.907% for cadmium), while was lower in that of lead.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Table contents Ⅰ
• Fig contents Ⅷ
• Photo contents Ⅹ
• 제1장. 국내 다소비 어류의 중금속 농도와 위해 평가 1
• I. Abstract 1
• II. 서 론 3
• III. 재료 및 방법 11
• 1. 시료 11
• 2. 표준인증물질 및 시약 14
• 3. 중금속의 분석 및 회수율 16
• 4. 중금속의 섭취량 및 위해 평가 19
• 5. 통계 처리 22
• IV. 결과 및 고찰 23
• 1. 표준인증물질의 회수율 23
• 2. 어류의 중금속에 대한 국내외 기준 규격 23
• 3. 국내 다소비 어류의 중금속 오염 평가 28
• 4. 국내 다소비 어류의 중금속 위해 평가 36
• 5. 국내 다소비 어류의 중금속 간 위해 비교 44
• V. 요약 47
• VI. 참고 문헌 49
• 제2장. 판매시기에 따른 다소비 어류의 중금속 농도 및 위해 비교 59
• I. Abstract 59
• II. 서 론 61
• III. 재료 및 방법 64
• 1. 시료 64
• 2. 표준인증물질 및 시약 66
• 3. 중금속의 분석 및 회수율 67
• 4. 중금속의 섭취량 및 위해 평가 68
• 5. 통계 처리 69
• IV. 결과 및 고찰 70
• 1. 판매시기에 따른 다소비 어류의 중금속 오염 평가 70
• 2. 판매시기에 따른 다소비 어류의 중금속 위해 평가 79
• 3. 판매시기에 따른 다소비 어류의 중금속 간 위해 비교 95
• V. 요약 97
• VI. 참고 문헌 98
• 제3장. 원산지별 다소비 어류의 중금속 농도 및 위해 비교 103
• I. Abstract 103
• II. 서 론 105
• III. 재료 및 방법 108
• 1. 시료 108
• 2. 표준인증물질 및 시약 109
• 3. 중금속의 분석 및 회수율 109
• 4. 중금속의 섭취량 및 위해 평가 111
• 5. 통계 처리 112
• IV. 결과 및 고찰 115
• 1. 원산지별 다소비 어류의 중금속 오염 평가 115
• 2. 원산지별 다소비 어류의 중금속 위해 평가 129
• 3. 원산지별 다소비 어류의 중금속 간 위해 비교 142
• V. 요약 144
• VI. 참고 문헌 146
• 제4장. 판매지역별 다소비 어류의 중금속 농도 및 위해 비교 151
• I. Abstract 151
• II. 서 론 154
• III. 재료 및 방법 158
• 1. 시료 158
• 2. 표준인증물질 및 시약 159
• 3. 중금속의 분석 및 회수율 159
• 4. 중금속의 섭취량 및 위해 평가 161
• 5. 통계 처리 162
• IV. 결과 및 고찰 164
• 1. 판매지역별 다소비 어류의 중금속 오염 평가 164
• 2. 판매지역별 다소비 어류의 중금속 위해 평가 184
• 3. 판매지역별 다소비 어류의 중금속 간 위해 비교 210
• V. 요약 212
• VI. 참고 문헌 213
• 제5장. 회유성에 따른 다소비 어류의 중금속 오염 및 위해 비교 221
• I. Abstract 221
• II. 서 론 223
• III. 재료 및 방법 225
• 1. 시료 225
• 2. 표준인증물질 및 시약 226
• 3. 중금속의 분석 및 회수율 226
• 4. 중금속의 섭취량 및 위해 평가 228
• 5. 통계 처리 230
• IV. 결과 및 고찰 231
• 1. 회유성에 따른 다소비 어류의 중금속 오염 평가 231
• 2. 회유성에 따른 다소비 어류의 중금속 위해 평가 241
• 3. 회유성에 따른 다소비 어류의 중금속 간 위해 비교 256
• V. 요약 258
• VI. 참고 문헌 260